Steel 60S2A characteristics, application, interpretation, heat treatment, analogues, chemical composition, mechanical and physical properties

Steel 70G Steel 60S2KhFA Steel 60KhFA (60KhF) Steel 65 Steel 65G (65G1) Steel 65GA Steel 65S2VA Steel 68A Steel 68GA Steel 70 Steel 60S2KhG Steel 70G2 Steel 70S2KhA (EI142) Steel 70S3A Steel 70KhGFA Steel 75 Steel 80 Steel 85 Steel KT-2 Steel KT-3 Steel 55S2A Steel 3K-7 Steel 40R Steel 50RA (50R) Steel 50KhG Steel 50KhGA Steel 50KhGFA Steel 50KhFA (50KhF) Steel 51KhFA Steel 55S2 Steel 60S2Х (60S2ХА; 60С2ХА) Steel 55S2ГФ Steel 55 HGR Steel 55HFA (55ХФ) Steel 60G Steel 60S2 Steel 60S2A Steel 60S2G Steel 60S2N2A

Standards

Name	Code	Standards
Sheets and strips	B23	GOST 103-2006
Long and shaped rolled products	B22	GOST 1133-71, GOST 2590-2006, GOST 2591-2006, GOST 2879-2006
Medium and high carbon steel wire	B72	GOST 26366-84
Sheets and strips	B33	GOST 4405-75, TU 14-1-1409-75
Long and shaped rolled products	B32	GOST 7417-75, GOST 7419-90, GOST 8559-75, GOST 8560-78, GOST 14959-79, TU 14-1-2118-77, TU 14-1-2265-77, TU 14-1-4343- 89, TU 14-11-245-88, TU 14-136-367-2008

60S2HFA

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Brand

Steel 60S2HFA
Classification	Structural spring steel
Substitute	Steel 60S2A, Steel 60S2ХА, Steel 9ХС, Steel 19Х20Н4АМ3Д2С
Other designations	Steel 60S2HFA; Art. 60S2HFA; 60S2HFA
Foreign analogues	—
Application	Steel 60S2HFA is used: for the production of hot-rolled plates; responsible and highly loaded springs and springs
Notes	Spring alloy high quality steel
Type of delivery
Classification, nomenclature and general norms	GOST 14959-79
Long and shaped rolled products:	GOST 1133-71, GOST 2590-2006, GOST 2591-2006, GOST 7417-75, GOST 2879-2006, GOST 7419-90, GOST 8559-75, GOST 8560-78, GOST 14955-77, TU 14-1- 2118-77, TU 14-1-2265-77, TU 14-1-4343-89, TU 14-11-245-88, TU 14-136-367-2008
Sheets and strips	GOST 103-2006, GOST 4405-75, TU 14-1-1409-75
Medium and high carbon steel wire	GOST 26366-84

Chemical composition in % of material 60S2HFA

Chemical element	GOST 14959-79, in%
Carbon (C)	0,56 — 0,64
Silicon (Si)	1,40 — 1,80
Chromium (Cr)	0,90 — 1,20
Vanadium (V)	0,10 — 0,20
Manganese (Mn)	0,40 — 0,70
Nickel (Ni), no more	0,25
Sulfur (S), no more	0,025
Phosphorus (P), no more	0,025
Copper (Cu), no more	0,20
Iron (Fe)	the basis

Mechanical properties at T=20oC of material 60S2HFA

Delivery status	Section, mm	σt, MPa	σв, MPa	δ5, %	ψ, %	KCU, kJ/m2	H.R.C.
Sheet metal. Quenching in oil from 880 °C + Tempering at 450-550 °C	≤80	≥1540	≥1640	≥10	≥35	≥432	45-49
Sheet metal. Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C	≤60	≥1780	≥1960	≥11	≥39	≥736
Sheet metal. Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C (1 hour) + Tempering at 325 °C	≤60	≥1810	≥1960	≥8	≥38	≥657	45-51
Long products. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Tempering at 410 °C, cooling in oil	10-20	≥1670	≥1860	≥5
Long products. Steel categories: 3, 3A, 3B, 3B, 3G, 4, 4A, 4B. Quenching in oil from 870 °C + tempering at 470 °C	Sample	≥1470	≥1670	≥6	≥25

Mechanical properties of steel 60S2KhFA depending on tempering temperature

Delivery status	holiday t(°C)	σt, MPa	σв, MPa	δ5, %	ψ, %	KCU, kJ/m2	H.R.C.
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering	200	≥294	≥59
	250	≥2190	≥2340	≥6	≥20	≥294	≥58
	300	≥2180	≥2340	≥6	≥22	≥314	≥58
	350	≥2160	≥2240	≥6	≥24	≥324	≥57
	400	≥1870	≥1930	≥7	≥29	≥363	≥53
	450	≥1690	≥1810	≥8	≥35	≥383	≥49
	500	≥1540	≥1640	≥10	≥35	≥432	≥46
	550	≥1440	≥1530	≥10	≥37	≥461	≥43

Technological properties of steel grade 60S2HFA

Weldability	Not applicable for welded structures.
Tendency to temper brittleness	Less inclined.
Forging temperature	Start - 1200 °C, end - 800 °C. Cooling is slow, subsequent heat treatment is annealing.

Hardness
of material 60S2HFA

Delivery status	HB
GOST 14959-79. Rental categories 1A, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A t/o	≤285
GOST 14959-79. Rental categories 1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, 3G without t/o	≤321

Fatigue limit of steel 60S2HFA

Heat treatment, steel condition	s -1 (MPa)	t -1 (MPa)	σ B (MPa)	σ 0,2 (MPa)
Oil quenching 85-860 °C + tempering at 415 °C	549	294	1900	1810
Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C	588	309	1960	1780
Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C + tempering at 325 °C	613	328	1960	1780

Physical properties of structural spring steel 60S2HFA

Test temperature, °C	20
Modulus of normal elasticity, E, GPa	191
Modulus of elasticity under torsional shear (G, GPa)	77
Steel density, pn, kg/m3	7850

Designations:

Mechanical properties :
σв	— Short-term strength limit, [MPa]
σT	— Proportional limit (yield strength for permanent deformation), [MPa]
δ5	— Elongation at break, [%]
ψ	— Relative narrowing, [%]
KCU	— Impact strength, [kJ/m2]
HB	— Brinell hardness, [MPa]
Physical properties:
T	— Temperature at which these properties were obtained, [Deg]
E	— Modulus of elasticity of the first kind, [MPa]
	— Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20o - T), [1/degree]
	— Thermal conductivity coefficient (heat capacity of the material), [W/(m deg)]
	— Material density, [kg/m3]
C	— Specific heat capacity of the material (range 20o — T), [J/(kg deg)]
R	— Electrical resistivity, [Ohm m]
Weldability:
no limits		— welding is performed without heating and without subsequent heat treatment
limited weldability		— welding is possible when heated to 100-120 degrees. and subsequent heat treatment
difficult to weld		— to obtain high-quality welded joints, additional operations are required: heating to 200-300 degrees. during welding, heat treatment after welding - annealing

Buy high-quality structural spring steel 60S2HFA
with an average carbon content of 0.60%, chromium 1.1%, silicon 1.6%, manganese 0.55% and vanadium 0.15%.

Pipe
Angle Channel Strip Circle Hexagon Reinforcement Square Beam Sheet Regulatory
documentation

GOST 103-2006. Hot-rolled long-rolled steel strip. Assortment.

GOST 1133-71. Forged steel round and square. Assortment.

GOST 2590-2006. Hot-rolled round steel products. Assortment.

GOST 2591-2006. Hot-rolled square steel products. Assortment.

GOST 2879-2006. Hot-rolled hexagonal long steel. Assortment.

GOST 4405-75. Hot-rolled and forged strips made of tool steel. Assortment.

GOST 7417-75. Calibrated round steel. Assortment.

GOST 7419-90. Hot rolled steel for springs. Assortment.

GOST 8559-75. Calibrated square steel. Assortment.

GOST 8560-78. Rolled calibrated hexagonal. Assortment.

GOST 14955-77. High-quality round steel with special surface finishing. Technical conditions.

GOST 14959-79. Rolled products from spring carbon and alloy steel. Technical conditions.

GOST 26366-84. Brass-plated steel wire for tire bead rings. Technical conditions.

TU 14-1-1409-75. Alloy thick sheet steel, hot rolled. Technical conditions.

TU 14-1-2118-77. Hot-rolled bars in profiles measuring 250 mm or more from structural carbon and alloy steel. Technical conditions.

TU 14-1-2265-77. Hot rolled grade steel. Brand 60S2HFA. Technical conditions.

TU 14-1-4343-89. Hot rolled rods made of spring steel grade 60S2HFA. Technical conditions.

TU 14-11-245-88. High precision shaped steel profiles. Technical conditions.

TU 14-136-367-2008. Rolled hot-rolled, turned, round sections with a size of more than 200 mm. Technical conditions.

Additional Information.

Correspondence between Soviet and Russian steel grades.

International analogues of steels

Correspondence table HB - HRC.

Tool materials.

The influence of the main alloying elements on the properties of steel.

Mechanical characteristics

Section, mm	holiday t, °C	sТ\|s0.2, MPa	σB, MPa	d5, %	y, %	kJ/m2, kJ/m2	H.R.C.
Sheet metal. Quenching in oil from 880 °C + Tempering at 450-550 °C
≤80	—	≥1540	≥1640	≥10	≥35	≥432	45-49
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering
—	200	—	—	—	—	≥294	≥59
Sheet metal. Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C
≤60	—	≥1780	≥1960	≥11	≥39	≥736	—
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering
—	250	≥2190	≥2340	≥6	≥20	≥294	≥58
Sheet metal. Isothermal hardening with holding at 290 °C (1 hour) + Tempering at 325 °C
≤60	—	≥1810	≥1960	≥8	≥38	≥657	45-51
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering
—	300	≥2180	≥2340	≥6	≥22	≥314	≥58
Long products. Quenching in oil from 850 °C + Tempering at 410 °C, cooling in oil
10-20	—	≥1670	≥1860	≥5	—	—	—
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering
—	350	≥2160	≥2240	≥6	≥24	≥324	≥57
Long products. Steel categories: 3, 3A, 3B, 3B, 3G, 4, 4A, 4B. Quenching in oil from 870 °C + tempering at 470 °C
—	≥1470	≥1670	≥6	≥25	—	—
Long products. Quenching in oil from 880-890 °C + Tempering
—	400	≥1870	≥1930	≥7	≥29	≥363	≥53
—	450	≥1690	≥1810	≥8	≥35	≥383	≥49
—	500	≥1540	≥1640	≥10	≥35	≥432	≥46
—	550	≥1440	≥1530	≥10	≥37	≥461	≥43

Steel 60S2A spring-spring

Decoding

According to GOST 14959-2016, the number 60 before the letter designation indicates the average mass fraction of carbon in steel in hundredths of a percent, i.e. the average mass fraction of carbon in steel is 0.60%. The letter C means that the steel is alloyed with silicon (Si), and the number 2 indicates the approximate mass fraction of silicon in whole units, i.e. silicon in steel is approximately 2%. The letter A at the end of the steel name means that the steel is high quality, i.e. steel with increased requirements for the chemical composition and macrostructure of metal products made from it compared to high-quality steel.

Substitutes and analogues

60S2N2A, 60S2G, 50HFA.

Foreign analogues

Germany DIN (EN)	60Si7 (1.5027) [1]
USA (AISI, ASTM)	9260
UK (BS)	251A60
Japan JIS	SUP 6
Poland PN/H	60S2A

Type of delivery

long products, including shaped steel, GOST 14959-79, GOST 2590-88, GOST 2591-88, GOST 2879-88, GOST 7419.0-90 - GOST 7419.8-90;
Calibrated rod GOST 7417-75, GOST 8559-75, GOST 8560-78;
Tape GOST 2283-79, GOST 21997-76. Strip GOST 103-76, GOST 4405-75;
Wire GOST 14963-78. Forgings and forged blanks GOST 1133-71, GOST 14959-79;
Polished rod and silver GOST 7419.0-90 - GOST 7419.8-90, GOST 14955-77;

Characteristics and Application

Steel 60C2A is an alloyed special steel used for the manufacture of the following products:

heavily loaded springs,
torsion shafts,
spring rings,
collet,
friction discs,
Grover washers,
springs made of strip steel 3-16 mm thick,
springs made of strip steel with a thickness of 3-18 mm and spring strips with a thickness of 0.08-3 mm,
twisted springs made of wire with a diameter of 3-12 mm.

Steel is prone to decarburization, is resistant to grain growth, and has deep hardenability. The maximum operating temperature is +250 °C [2], in aircraft construction it is recommended to use steel no higher than a temperature of +200 °C [3].

Conditions for using steel 60S2A for disc springs (GOST 33260-2015)

ND for supply	Spring standard	Application temperature, °C	Additional instructions for use
Assortment GOST 2283, GOST 7419. Technical requirements GOST 14959	GOST 3057	-60 to 120	Used for work in conditions of atmospheric corrosion with anti-corrosion coatings*

*After electrochemical coatings, heat treatment (tempering) is required to remove hydrogen embrittlement, as indicated in the design documentation.

Conditions for using steel 60S2A for helical coil springs (GOST 33260-2015)

ND for supply	Application temperature, °C	Additional instructions for use
Wire GOST 14963. Rolled products GOST 2590	-60 to 250	Safety and pressure relief valves, bypass and shut-off valves, etc.

NOTE. For class II springs, it is allowed to replace rolled grade 60C2A with grade 60C2.

Maximum permissible dimensions of metal products made from steel 60S2A for the manufacture of springs and springs (GOST 14959-2016)

strip thickness	diameter or side of a square
14	20

Chemical composition, % (GOST 14959-79)

C	Mn	Si	Cr	Cu	Ni	S	P
C	Mn	Si	no more
0,58-0,63	0,60-0,90	1,6-2,0	0,30	0,20	0,25	0,025	0,025

Chemical composition, % (GOST 14959-2016)

steel grade	Mass fraction of elements, %
steel grade	WITH	Si	Mn	Sk	V	W	Ni	B	Cu, no more
60С2А	0,58-0,63	1,60-2,00	0,60-0,90	No more than 0.30	—	—	No more than 0.25	—	0,20

Temperature of critical points, °C [4]

Ac1	Ac3	Arc3	Arc1	Mn[5]
770	820	770	700	305

Recommended processing modes for springs made of steel 60S2A [2]

Temperature, °C		Hardness HB of finished springs
oil hardening	vacations	Hardness HB of finished springs
850-870*	460-480	418-387

*When bending sheets and hardening with one heating, the temperature rises to 900-950 °C.

Recommended heat treatment [3]

Low annealing at 650-700 °C; hardening from 870±10 °C in oil, tempering at 430-490 °C (HRC 44-48, σв = 155-180 kgf/mm2)

Hardness of metal products made from steel 60S2A as delivered (GOST 14595-2016)

Hardness of metal products, HB, no more
without heat treatment (categories 1 B, 2B, ZB, 4B, ZG, ZD and ZE)	heat-treated (categories 1A, 2A, ZA, ZB and 4A)
302	269

Mechanical properties of metal products during tensile testing (GOST 14595-2016)

Recommended mode of thermal treatment of samples				Mechanical properties, no less
Hardening		Vacation		Mechanical properties, no less
Heating temperature, °C	Cooling medium	Heating temperature, °C	Cooling medium	Yield strength σt, N/mm2	Tensile strength σв, N/mm2	Relative elongation δ5,%	Relative narrowing ψ, %
870	Oil	420	Air	1375	1570	6	20

NOTE:

The mechanical properties of metal products during tensile testing are determined on longitudinal heat-treated samples.
During the recommended heat treatment, temperature deviations are allowed:
hardening — ±50 °С;

Mechanical properties of steel of various heats [3]

Workpiece diameter, mm	σпц	σ0.2	σв	δ5	ψ	NV kgf/mm2
Workpiece diameter, mm	kgf/mm2			%		NV kgf/mm2
14	—	144	160	10	40	460
14	—	150	163	10	44	460
15	136	143	162	10	40	445
	135	142	162	11	45	445
	—	155	160	10	44	445
	—	152	155	10	42	445
21	133	147	163	10	43	445
	135	146	161	10	47	445
	—	155	163	11	53	460
	—	154	159	11	56	460

Mechanical properties of annealed and cold-worked strip made of steel 60S2A (GOST 2283-79)

Nominal thickness, mm	Tensile strength σв, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2), no more	Relative elongation δ4, %, not less	Tensile strength σв, N/mm2 (kgf/mm2)
Nominal thickness, mm	Annealed tape		Cold-worked tape
From 0.10 to 4.00 incl.	880 (90)	8	780-1180 (80-120)

Mechanical properties

Source	Delivery status	Section, mm	σ0.2, MPa	σв, MPa	δ5, %	ψ, %	KCU, J/cm2	Hardness HB, no more
Source	Delivery status	Section, mm	no less					Hardness HB, no more
GOST 14959-79	Steel categories 3, 3A, 3B, 3B, 3G, 4, 4A, 4B Hardening at 870 °C in oil; tempering at 420 °C	—	1375	1570	6	20	—	—
[6]	Isothermal hardening from 860-880 “C, cooling. in molten salt at 310-330 °C; holiday at 310-330 °C, cool. on air	10	1570	1770	12	50	62	HRCе 47-50
[7]	Springs. Winding at 850-950 °C; hardening from 850-870 °C in oil; holiday at 430-460 °C, cool. on air	Not defined						388-477
[7]	Springs. Quenching from 850-870 °C in oil; holiday at 400-450 °C, cool. on air	Same						387-418

Mechanical properties depending on tempering temperature [5]

tref., °C	σ0.2, MPa	σ0.2, MPa	δ5, %	ψ, %	KCU, J/cm2	Hardness HRCе
300	1960	2160	2	36	10	462
400	1470	1670	7	39	18	425
500	1080	1290	10	42	29	340
600	730	1030	17	48	—	298

NOTE. Hardening at 850 °C in oil; vacation.

Mechanical properties at elevated temperatures

tsp., °C	σ0.2, MPa	σ0.2, MPa	δ5, %	ψ, %	KCU, J/cm2
Rod with a diameter of 17 mm. Hardening at 860 °C in oil; tempering at 550 °C, 3 hours, hardness HB 340-364 [8]
20	1090	1270	11-13	33	24
300	930	1220	15	44	43
400	820	950	19	71	44
500	510	590	23	87	43
Sunset with 860 °C in oil; tempering at 425 °C [9]
20	1570	1710	10	46	32
200	1370	1670	13	40	34
300	1270	1570	20	58	—
400	1080	1220	22	71	—

Endurance Limit [6]

Heat treatment	σ-1, MPa	n
Isothermal hardening, holding at 330 °C, 1 hour + tempering at 300 °C, 1 hour; σв = 1680 MPa	686	106
Quenching + tempering at 420 °C; σв = 1810 MPa	637	106
Oil hardening; tempering at 400 °C; σ0.2 = 1760 MPa, σв = 1900 MPa	500	—

Impact strength KCU [10]

Heat treatment	KCU, J/cm2, at temperature, °C
Heat treatment	+20	-70
Hardening at 850 °C in oil; holiday at 460 °C, 1 hour, cool. on air	39	34

Technological properties

Forging temperature, °C: beginning 1200, end 800. Sections up to 250 mm are cooled in air, sections 251-350 mm are cooled in a pit.
Weldability - not applicable to welded structures.
Cutting machinability - Kv tv.spl = 0.70 and Kv b.st = 0.27 in the hot-rolled state at HB 270-320 σw = 1080 MPa.
Flock sensitivity - not sensitive.
Tendency to temper brittleness - not prone.

Hardenability (GOST 14959-2016)

Hardness HRCe at a distance from the end, mm (hardening from 850 °C)
1,5	3	4,5	6	9	12	15	18	27	39
60-67	59-67	57-66	54-65	44,5-63	38,5-60	35,5-56	34-52,5	30-43,5	27-39,5

Critical diameter d

Critical hardness, HRCе	Amount of martensite, %	d, mm, after hardening at 850 °C
Critical hardness, HRCе	Amount of martensite, %	in water	In oil
51-53	50	47-82	24-53
58-60	90	60	36

Density ρп kg/cm3 at test temperature, °С

Steel	20°	100°	200°	300°	400°	500°
60С2А	7680	7660	7630	7590	7570	7520

Linear expansion coefficient α*106, K-1

steel grade	α*106, K-1 at test temperature, °C
steel grade	20-100	20-200	20-300	20-400	20-500	20-600	20-700	20-800
60С2А	11,8	12,7	13,3	13,7	14,1	14,5	14,4	12,2

Thermal conductivity coefficient λ W/(m*K)

Steel grade	λ W/(m*K), at test temperature, °C
Steel grade	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800
60С2А	28	29	29	30	30	30	29	29	28

Young's modulus (normal elasticity) E, GPa

Steel grade	At test temperature, °C
Steel grade	20	100	200	300	400	500	600	700	800
60С2А	212	206	198	192	181	178	158	144	134

Modulus of elasticity in torsional shear G, GPa

steel grade	At test temperature, °C
steel grade	20	100	200	300	400	600	700	800
60С2	82	80	77	74	69	54	54	50

Specific heat capacity c, J/(kg*K)

steel grade	s, J/(kg*K), at test temperature, °C
steel grade	20-100	20-200	20-300	20-400	20-500	20-600	20-700	20-800
60С2А	510	510	520	535	565	585	620	700

Bibliography

GOST 33260-2015. Pipeline fittings. Metals used in valve making. Basic requirements for the selection of materials
Tylkin M.A. Thermist Repair Service Handbook. 1981
Sklyarov N.M. Aviation materials. 1975 Volume 1
Brand of steels and alloys. Ed. Sorokina V.G. 1989
Brand of steels. CBTI. 1961
Rakhstadt A.G. Spring steels and alloys. 1971
Brand of steel and alloys. TsNIITmash. 1977
Properties of steels and alloys used in boiler and turbine manufacturing. Part 1. TsKTI. 1966
Metals and alloys: Reference data on physical and mechanical properties at various temperatures and loading conditions. 1975
Solntsev Yu.P., Stepanov G.A. Materials in cryogenic technology. 1982

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Description of mechanical symbols

Name	Description
Section	Section
sT\|s0.2	Yield strength or proportional limit with tolerance for permanent deformation - 0.2%
σB	Short-term strength limit
d5	Elongation after break
y	Relative narrowing
kJ/m2	Impact strength
H.R.C.	Rockwell hardness (diamond indenter, spheroconic)