Currently manufactured ropes are classified according to GOST 7372-79 “Steel ropes. Technical specifications” according to the following characteristics: BY DESIGN:
- single lay (spiral) - consisting of one, two or three concentric layers of wire twisted in a spiral;
- double lay - consisting of six strands twisted into one concentric layer;
- triple lay - consisting of twisted double lay ropes.
BY MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE WIRE:
- VK – high quality;
- B – improved quality;
- 1 – normal quality.
BY TYPE OF WIRE SURFACE COATING:
- without cover;
- with zinc coating for various environments - coolant, liquid and wet.
BY PURPOSE:
- cargo-human (GL);
- cargo (G).
BY CORE MATERIAL:
- with an organic core made of natural or synthetic materials - OS;
- with a metal core - MS.
IN THE DIRECTION OF LAYING THE ROPE ELEMENTS:
- right lay;
- left lay (L).
BY COMBINATION OF LAY DIRECTIONS OF THE ROPE AND ITS ELEMENTS:
- cross lay, in which the direction of lay of the strands in the rope is opposite;
- the direction of laying of wires in strands;
- one-sided lay, in which the direction of lay of the wires in the strands and the strands in the rope is the same (right or left).
BY DEGREE OF STRONGNESS:
- twisting - with the same direction of lay of all strands along the layers of the rope, these are, as a rule, six- and eight-strand ropes with an organic or metal core;
- low-twist (MC) - with the opposite direction of lay of rope strands in layers in multi-layer, multi-strand and single lay ropes.
BY ROLLING METHOD:
- non-unwinding (N) - rope elements retain their position after removing the ties from the ends of the rope and removing the end welding;
- unwinding.
BY DEGREE OF BALANCE:
- unstraightened;
- straightened (R).
BY TYPE OF LAYING STRANS AND ROPES OF ORDINARY LAYING:
- with point contact of wires between layers (TC);
- with linear contact of wires between layers (LC);
- with a combined point-linear contact of wires between layers (TLC).
BY MANUFACTURING PRECISION:
- normal accuracy;
- increased accuracy (T);
- with stricter maximum deviations for the rope diameter.
BY STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS:
The classification is based on the value of tensile strength:
- 1370 N/mm2 (140 kgf/mm2);
- 1470 N/mm2 (150 kgf/mm2);
- and then after 100N to 2160N/mm.
| Double lay rope type LK-RO Design 6x36(1+7+7/7+14)+1 o.s. GOST 7668-80 |
| Double lay rope type LK-R Design 6x19x(1+6+6/6)+1 o.s. GOST 2688-80 (DIN 3059-72, JIS G 2525-88, PR-W-410D-84, UNI 7265-7) |
| Double lay rope type LK-PO Designs 6x36(1+7+7/7+14)+7x7(1+6) GOST 7669-80 (DIN 3064-72, ISO 2408-85, BS 302-8742, JIS G 3525-88, NFA 47-200-83, UNI 7297-74) |
| Double lay rope type LK-3 Design 6x25(1+6; 6+12)+7x7(1+6) GOST 7667-80 (DIN 3057-72, ISO 2408-85, GIS G 3525-88, NFA 47-200 -83, UNI 7295-74) |
| Double lay rope type LK-O, design 6x19(1+9+9)+1 o.s. GOST 3077-80 (DIN 3051-72, ISO 2408-85, BS 302-8742, PR-W-410D-84) |
| Double lay rope type TLK-O design 6x37(1+6+15+15)+1 o.s. GOST 3079-80 |
| Double lay rope type LK-3, design 6x25(1+6; 6+12)+1 o.s. GOST 7665-80 |
| Double lay rope type LK-O, design 6x7(1+6)+1 o.s. GOST 3069-80 (DIN 3055-72, ISO 2408-85, BS 302-87 4.2, NFA 47-200-83) |
| Double lay rope type LK-O design 6x19(1+6)+1x7(1+6) GOST 3066-80 (DIN 3055-72, ISO 2408-85, BS 302-87, NFA 47-200-83, UNI 7293-74) |
| Single lay rope type TK design 1x37(1+6+12+18) GOST 3064-80 |
Characteristics of steel ropes. Double lay rope type TK, LK-R.
Purpose of steel ropes.
A steel rope (cable) is designed for lifting and towing various heavy loads.
Most often, steel cable is used in metallurgy, construction, agriculture, mechanical engineering, shipbuilding, the oil industry and other industries where safe transportation of goods is necessary. Very often, steel ropes are used in lifting machines and mechanisms during installation work, therefore, for their full operation, it is necessary to use ropes (cables) with the most suitable diameter, design breaking force and GOST of the rope; these parameters can be found in the technical documentation for each lifting device. The tables below show the calculated breaking forces of the rope, the calculated cross-sectional area of all wires and the weight of 1000 m of lubricated rope for different rope diameters, depending on the type and design of the steel (cable) rope.
Steel rope manufacturing. GOST
Steel rope (cable) is made according to GOST, from spring wire grades, and can be coated or uncoated. The tables below show the technical characteristics for three types of steel ropes (cables) according to GOST: GOST 2688-80 , GOST 3070-88 , GOST 3071-88 .
Fig.1. Steel ropes GOST.
Types of steel ropes.
There are three main types of steel ropes (cables): single (single-layer), double (two-layer) and triple (three-layer) lay. All these types are shown below in Figure 2.
Fig.2. Types of laying of steel ropes (cables).
Types of laying of steel ropes.
Also, according to the type of laying of steel ropes (cables), they are distinguished:
— ropes with linear contact of wires, type LK;
— ropes with point contact of wires, type TK;
— ropes with linear contact of wires, with different diameters of wires in the outer layer of the strand, type LK-R;
— ropes with linear contact of wires, with identical wire diameters, type LK-O;
— ropes with linear contact of wires, with filling wires, type LK-Z;
— ropes with linear contact of wires, with identical and different diameters of wires in rope strands, type LK-RO;
- combined, TLC type.
Fig.3. Types of laying of steel ropes (cables).
Double lay ropes: a) TK6x19 [1+6+12] +1.0.S, GOST 3070-88; b) LK-06x19 [1+9+9]+7x7 [1+6], GOST 3081-80; c) LK-R6x19[1+6+6/6]+1.0.S, GOST 2688-80; d) LK-R06xZb [1+7+7/7+14]+7x7 [1+6], GOST 7669-80; e) LK-Z6×25 [1+ 6+12/6]+1.0.C, GOST 7665-80; f) TLK-06×27 [1+6+10+10]+1.0.S, GOST 3079-80.
The tables below show the technical characteristics for three types of steel rope construction: double lay rope type LK-R 6x19 (1+6+6/6)+1.0.S., double lay rope type TK 6x19 (1+6+12 )+1.0.S., double lay rope type TK 6×37 (1+6+12+18)+1.0.S.
Steel rope weight. Weight of steel ropes.
Double lay rope type LK-R 6×19.
Table 1. Double lay rope type LK-R design 6 ×19 (1+6+6/6)+1.0.S. according to GOST 2688-80.
| Rope diameter, mm | Estimated cross-sectional area of all wires, mm2 | Estimated weight of 1000 m of lubricated rope, kg | Estimated breaking force of the rope as a whole in kgf (not less) for the marking group for temporary tensile strength, kgf/mm2 | ||
| 140 | 160 | 180 | |||
| 4,1 | 6,55 | 64,1 | 1000 | ||
| 4,8 | 8,61 | 84,2 | — | — | 1 315 |
| 5,1 | 9,76 | 95,5 | — | — | 1 490 |
| 5,6 | 11,9 | 116,5 | — | — | 1 820 |
| 6,9 | 18,05 | 176,6 | — | 2 450 | 2 685 |
| 8,3 | 26,15 | 253 | — | 3 555 | 3 895 |
| 9,1 | 31,18 | 305 | — | 4 235 | 4 640 |
| 9,9 | 36,66 | 358,6 | — | 4 985 | 5 455 |
| 11 | 47,19 | 461,6 | — | 6 415 | 7 025 |
| 12 | 53,87 | 527 | — | 7 325 | 8 020 |
| 13 | 61 | 596,6 | 7 255 | 8 295 | 9 085 |
| 14 | 74,4 | 728 | 8 850 | 10 100 | 11 050 |
| 15 | 86,28 | 844 | 10 250 | 11 700 | 12 850 |
| 16,5 | 104,61 | 1025 | 12 400 | 14 200 | 15 550 |
| 18 | 124,73 | 1220 | 14 800 | 16 950 | 18 550 |
| 19,5 | 143,61 | 1405 | 17 050 | 19 500 | 21 350 |
Double lay rope type tk design 6x19.
Table 2. Double lay rope type TK design 6 ×19 (1+6+12)+1.0.S. according to GOST 3070-88.
| Rope diameter, mm | Estimated cross-sectional area of all wires, mm2 | Estimated weight of 1000 m of lubricated rope, kg | Estimated breaking force of the rope as a whole in kgf (not less) for the marking group for temporary tensile strength, kgf/mm2 | ||
| 140 | 160 | 180 | |||
| 3,3 | 3,62 | 35,5 | — | — | 553 |
| 3,6 | 4,38 | 42,9 | — | — | 669 |
| 3,9 | 5,2 | 51 | — | — | 795 |
| 4,2 | 6,1 | 59,8 | — | — | 930 |
| 4,5 | 7,07 | 69,3 | — | — | 1 075 |
| 4,8 | 8,12 | 79,6 | — | — | 1 240 |
| 5,5 | 10,42 | 102,5 | — | 1 415 | 1 590 |
| 5,8 | 11,67 | 114,5 | — | 1 585 | 1 785 |
| 6,5 | 14,53 | 142,5 | — | 1 970 | 2 220 |
| 8,1 | 22,64 | 222 | — | 3 075 | 3 370 |
| 9,7 | 32,52 | 319 | — | 4 420 | 4 840 |
| 11 | 44,21 | 433,5 | 5 255 | 6 005 | 6 580 |
| 13 | 57,7 | 565,5 | 6 860 | 7 845 | 8 560 |
| 14,5 | 72,96 | 715 | 8 670 | 9 900 | 10 800 |
| 16 | 90,02 | 882,5 | 10 700 | 12 200 | 13 400 |
| 17,5 | 108,86 | 1070 | 12 900 | 14 750 | 16 150 |
| 19,5 | 130,11 | 1275 | 15 450 | 17 650 | 19 350 |
Rope type TK 6×37.
Table 3. Double lay rope type TK design 6 × 37 (1+6+12+18)+1.0.S. according to GOST 3071-88.
| Rope diameter, mm | Estimated cross-sectional area of all wires, mm2 | Estimated weight of 1000 m of lubricated rope, kg | Estimated breaking force of the rope as a whole in kgf (not less) for the marking group for temporary tensile strength, kgf/mm2 | ||
| 140 | 160 | 180 | |||
| 5 | 8,48 | 82,5 | — | — | 1 250 |
| 5,4 | 10,08 | 98,1 | — | — | 1 480 |
| 5,8 | 11,84 | 115,5 | — | — | 1 740 |
| 6,3 | 13,73 | 134 | — | — | 2 025 |
| 6,7 | 15,75 | 153,5 | — | — | 2 320 |
| 7,6 | 20,22 | 197 | — | 2 650 | 2 980 |
| 8,5 | 25,25 | 246 | — | 3 310 | 3 725 |
| 9 | 28,1 | 273,5 | — | 3 685 | 4 145 |
| 11,5 | 43,85 | 427 | — | 5 750 | 6 255 |
| 13,5 | 63,05 | 613,5 | — | 8 240 | 8 960 |
| 15 | 85,77 | 834,5 | 9840 | 11 200 | 12 200 |
Classification of ropes according to GOST
Steel rope GOST 2688-80
Steel rope GOST 2688-80 is used for construction and metallurgical cranes, mine hoisting installations. Design LK-R 6x19(1+6+6/6)+OS Diameter 9.1-42.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3062-80
Steel rope GOST 3062-80 is used for ship lifting installations. Design LK-O 1x7(1+6) diameter 1.8-9.2 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3063-80
Steel rope GOST 3063-80 is used for ship lifting installations. Design TC 1x19 (1+6+12) diameter 7.6-13.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3064-80
Steel rope GOST 3064-80 is used for overhead cranes and cable cranes. Design TK 1x37 (1+6+12+18) diameter 15.5-21.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3066-80
Steel rope GOST 3066-80 is used for fixed rigging. Design LK-O 6x7 (1+6)+1x7(1+6) diameter 6.4-20.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3069-80
Steel rope GOST 3069-88 for general purpose, except for cranes, is used as a towing and support rope, for logging fastenings. Design LK-O 6x7 (1+6)+1x7(1+6)+OS diameter 6.8-25.5 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3070-80
Steel rope GOST 3070-88 is widely used as lifting ropes on ships and elevators, brake ropes on mine hoisting installations, traction ropes on cable cars, etc., but their normal operation requires a slightly increased diameter of blocks and drums. The ropes of this GOST are intended for standing rigging. Design 6x19(1+6+12)+1 organic core diameter 3.3-13.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3071-88
Steel rope GOST 3071-88 is used as lifting ropes on ships and elevators, brake ropes on mine hoisting installations, traction ropes on cable cars, etc., but their normal operation requires a slightly increased diameter of blocks and drums. The ropes of this GOST are intended for standing rigging. Design of double lay type TK 6x37(1+6+12+18)+1 organic core diameter 5.0-15.5 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3077-80
Steel rope GOST 3077-88 is used as lifting ropes on ships and elevators, brake ropes on mine hoisting installations, and traction ropes on cable cars. Design LK-O 6x19(1+9+9)+OS diameter 11.5-37.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3079-80
Steel rope GOST 3079-80 is widely used as lifting ropes on ships and elevators, brake ropes on mine hoisting installations, and traction ropes on cable cars. Design type TK 6x37(1+6+15+15)+1 diameter 11.5-75.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3081-88
Steel rope GOST 3081-88 is used for road vehicles and standing rigging. Design LK-O 6X19 (1+9+9)+MS diameter 14.0-34.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3083-80
Steel rope GOST 3083-88 is used for road vehicles and standing rigging. Design LK-O 6x30(0+15+15)+7OS diameter 21.0-50.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1770 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3085-80
Triangular strand ropes: wire GOST 3085-88 - characterized by increased structural stability, a very high fill factor and a large supporting surface. The use of these ropes is especially suitable for high end loads and severe abrasive wear. The design is a three-sided double lay VP type. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1770 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3088-80
Steel rope GOST 3088-80 is used for tugs, cableways, and used as tension ropes, mooring and towing ropes. Design LK-R 18x19(1+6+6/6)+OS diameter 31.5-53.5 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 3089-80
Steel rope GOST 3089-80 for cargo purposes, made of uncoated wire, grade 1, left cross lay, unwinding, straightened, normal accuracy, marking group 190: Rope 64.5-G-1-L-R-1960 GOST 3089-80
Steel rope GOST 3090-73
Steel rope GOST 3090-73 closed load-bearing with one layer of Z-shaped wire and a TK type core. The marking group of galvanized ropes is agreed upon with the consumer when placing an order.
Steel rope GOST 3091-80
Flat rope GOST 3091-80 double lay, type PK-O. They are used as counterbalancers in mine hoisting installations. The advantages include their non-coolness. However, the manual operations used when sewing cables and the relatively rapid destruction of the collar during operation limit the scope of use in industry.
Steel rope GOST 3092-80
Flat rope GOST 3092-80 flat design 8x4x9(0+9)+32 o. With. Flat rope, 139 mm wide, for cargo purposes, made of uncoated wire, grade B, non-unwinding, non-straightened, high precision, marking group 140: Rope 139-G-V-N-T-1370 GOST 3092-80
Steel rope GOST 3093-80
Double lay steel rope GOST 3093-80 type LK-O design 3x7(1+6), type TK design 3x27(3+9+15), type TK design 3x37(1+6+12+18). Rope with a diameter of 14.5 mm, for cargo purposes, made of uncoated wire, grade B, right-hand cross lay, non-unwinding, non-straightened, increased precision, March. gr.180: Rope 14.5-G-V-N-T-1770 GOST 3093-80
Steel rope GOST 3097-80
Steel rope GOST 3097-80 - double lay type TK design 8x16(0+5+11)+9 o. With. Rope with a diameter of 4.6 mm, for cargo purposes, made of uncoated wire, grade 1, right-hand cross lay, non-unwinding, non-straightened, high precision, marking group 180: Rope 4.6-G-1-H-T-1770 GOST 3097-80 .
Steel rope GOST 7665-80
Steel rope GOST 7665-80 is used for elevators, hoists, skip hoists for blast furnaces, and timber loading machines. Design LK-Z (1+6;6+12)+OS diameter 19.5-45.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. group of ropes without coating 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 7667-80
Steel rope GOST 7667-80 is used for inclined lifting mine installations, road machines, and metallurgical cranes. Design LK-Z 6x25 (1+6; 6+12)+MS diameter 19.0-44.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. group of ropes without coating 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 7668-80
Steel rope GOST 7668-80 is used for inclined lifting mine installations, road machines, and metallurgical cranes. Design LK-RO 6x36 (1+7+7/7+14)+OS diameter 13.5-53.5 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. group of ropes without coating 1570-1870; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 7669-80
Steel rope GOST 7669-80 is used for walking excavators as a flexible link between a bucket and a traction winch, for vertical and inclined mine installations, and for metallurgical cranes. Design LK-RO 6x36 (1+7+7/7+14)+MS diameter 13.0-52.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. group of ropes without coating 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 7681-80
Double lay multi-strand steel rope GOST 7681-80 type LK-O design 18x7(1+6)+1 o.s. Multi-strand rope with a diameter of 20.5 mm, for cargo purposes, made of uncoated wire, grade 1, left-handed one-sided lay, low-twisting, non-unwinding, non-straightened, increased precision, marking group 190: Rope 20.5-G-1-L-O-MK -N-T-1960 GOST 7681-80.
Steel rope GOST 14954-80
Steel rope GOST 14954-80 is used for road vehicles, standing rigging (ships), and fastening rafts. Design LK-R 6x19(1+6+6/6)+MS diameter 12.0-41.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1870 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 16827-80
Steel rope GOST 16827-80 is used in mines, in hoisting and transport machines, for overhead roads and cable cranes, in earthmoving and road machines, for lifting installations in the metallurgical, forestry and woodworking industries. Double lay, multi-strand, low-twist rope, type LK-O and LK-R, design 12x7(1+6)+6x19(1+6+6/6)+1 os. organic core. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 16853-1-80
Steel rope GOST 16853-80 is used for operational and deep exploratory drilling of oil and gas wells up to 5000 m. Design LK-RO 6x31 (1+6+6/6+12)+MS diameter 25.0-38.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 16828-80
Steel rope GOST 16828-80 is used in mines, in hoisting and transport machines, for overhead roads and cable cranes, in earthmoving and road machines, for lifting installations in the metallurgical, forestry and woodworking industries. Double lay, multi-strand, low-twist rope, type LK-O and LK-R, design 12x7(1+6)+6x19(1+6+6/6)+1 os. organic core. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1570 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 16853-2-80
Steel rope GOST 16853-80 is used for operational and deep exploratory drilling of oil and gas wells up to 5000 m. Design LK-RO 6x31(1+6+6/6+12)+MS diameter 25.0-38.0 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1770 n/mm2.
Steel rope GOST 18901-73
Steel rope GOST 18901-73 closed load-bearing with two layers of Z-shaped wire and a core of TK type construction. Used in mines, in hoisting and transport machines, for overhead roads and cable cranes, in earthmoving and road machines, for lifting installations in the metallurgical, forestry and woodworking industries.
Steel rope TU 14-4-1262-1
Triangular strand steel rope TU 14-4-1262-1 double lay type TVP is used as warps on fishing vessels. TVP design 6x25(1+6;6+12)+OS diameter 20.5-23.5 mm. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. galvanized group 1470-1770 n/mm2.
Steel rope TU 14-4-1262-2
Triangular strand steel rope TU 14-4-1262-2 double lay type TVP is used as warps on fishing vessels. Design TVP 6x25 (1+6;6+12)+MS diameter 20.5-23.5 mm triangular strands. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. galvanized group 1470-1770 n/mm2.
Steel rope TU 14-4-1070
Steel rope TU 14-4-1070 is used as winches. Design PK-O 6x36 (1+7+7/7+14)+OS diameter 19.0-23.0mm crimped strands. Ropes can be made of galvanized wire. Mark. uncoated group 1570-1770; galvanized 1470-1770 n/mm2.
