Storm drainage – protecting the site from excess moisture



Storm drainage (popularly “storm sewer”) is a complex engineering structure that includes a number of elements. You can install such a system yourself. But it is better to entrust the design of storm drainage to specialized specialists, so as not to make mistakes with calculations and compliance with all sanitary standards.

In the article below, read about the types of storm drains according to engineering and technical parameters, as well as the features of calculation, design, installation and operation.

A well-constructed system will ensure high-quality removal of precipitation and melt water in the spring.

Types of stormwater

Sewage systems designed to drain melt and rainwater are of two types:

Point collection of water from the roofs of buildings. Its main elements are rainwater inlets located directly under the drainpipes. All catchment points are provided with special sedimentation tanks for sand (sand traps) and are connected to each other by a single pipeline. Such a sewer system is a relatively inexpensive engineering structure that can cope with drainage from roofs and courtyards.

Linear is a more complex type of sewer system designed to collect water from the entire site. The system includes a network of above-ground and underground drains located along the perimeter of the site, along walkways and the yard. Typically, water from drainage systems located along the foundation or protecting the garden and vegetable beds is discharged into a common linear stormwater collector. The system is extremely sensitive to slope towards the collectors. If it is not followed, water will stagnate in the pipes and the drainage system will not be able to fulfill its functions.

Based on the method of water drainage, storm drains are divided into:

Open systems that collect water through trays and deliver it to collectors. The trays are covered with shaped gratings on top, which perfectly complement the landscape design and provide protection from debris. Such systems are installed in small private areas.

Such a project is implemented in practice by constructing canals that connect drainage trays to each other and, ultimately, drain the collected water beyond the intended territory.

Elements of storm drainage systems have an open connection with the environment. The construction of such structures requires a relatively small amount of resources and materials.

For mixed type drainage systems - hybrid systems that include elements of closed and open systems. They are most often built to save the family budget. External elements are easier to install and cost less.

The design of mixed storm sewerage is carried out based on the rationality of operating the system in individual areas of the area. The financial side of its implementation plays an important role in the decision to choose a combined option.

For closed systems , consisting of rain inlets, trays, pipelines and a collector that opens into a ravine or reservoir. This is an ideal solution for draining streets, industrial areas and suburban areas with a large area.

The closed-type storm sewer system should be considered more advanced in design terms. Hidden drainage lines are being built here, as well as a system of storm water inlets - special intermediate storage tanks.

In the photo: Open type storm drainage system in industrial design. The main structural elements are concrete trays, on top of which lattice metal sheets are laid. The same principle is used to build open stormwater drainage systems for private housing construction.

The collected water is discharged through networks of pipelines laid and hidden underground. As a rule, the collected products of atmospheric precipitation are discharged to treatment facilities and then into the waters of natural reservoirs.

a ditch (trough) system for collecting and draining rainwater should be highlighted This storm drainage system, together with its simple manufacturing scheme, is characterized by universal operation.

Ditch storm drainage has the advantage that, together with the function of draining rainwater, it can act as a supplier of moisture for agricultural plantings. It is also an economical construction option compared to other projects.

Thanks to the ditch design, it is possible to organize not only quite effective drainage of precipitation products. The same system can be successfully used as an irrigation structure, for example, for the needs of a household (dacha) farm.

Types of storm drainage

Designing storm drainage requires the developer to know how to collect and transport wastewater. There are different design options for a storm drainage system. By transportation method:

• closed channels. Water enters receiving wells, from where it passes through an underground pipe system to a treatment plant, or to a discharge point. The most complex option, requiring precise calculation of the cross-section of pipes, determination of the number of drains, etc.;
• open lines . The wastewater moves through an above-ground system of trays or gutters. The option is convenient due to ease of maintenance and cleaning of channels. Often used in urban environments, where rainwater contains a large amount of debris and sand;
• mixed . They consist of open and closed areas. This option is most common, as it allows you to save on excavation work.

According to the method of collecting water:

• point . This is a system of receiving wells connected by pipes. It collects runoff from low areas, areas under drainpipes, etc.;
• linear _ They consist of long receiving chutes. This is a good way to collect moisture from large areas, paved parking lots and other areas.

The choice of the appropriate option is determined by important criteria:

• configuration and layout of the site;
• the condition of its surface;
• way of using it.

It is necessary to take into account that effective collection of wastewater will be needed in any case. A properly designed storm drainage system ensures the most complete removal of rainwater. Otherwise, water will begin to flow into lowlands, penetrate into basements, and destroy the foundations of buildings and structures.

When is a shower needed?

The arrangement of storm drainage is directly related to climatic conditions and soil conditions in a particular area. The more wet the area is, the more acute the need for installing storm drains.

Factors indicating the need for water drainage:

• regularly falling heavy precipitation (heavy rains, heavy snow);
• high groundwater level;
• flooding of basements and cellars in the spring;
• the appearance of dampness on the walls and foundation (the appearance of mold, cracks);
• damage to paths and yard surfaces due to rain and melting snow;
• slow drying of the soil (stagnation of water in puddles).

Design Features

Any sewage system must comply with the technical requirements displayed in a special document - SNiP. This also applies to storm drains. The project is drawn up taking into account all the technical requirements of SNiP.

In the future, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the design documentation, which will indicate the slope angles of the trays and pipelines, the length of communications, and the building materials, equipment and tools necessary for the work.

For an accurate calculation you will need:

1. Get data on average annual precipitation. The local weather service will provide the necessary information.
2. Determine the area of ​​the drains. To do this, calculate the area of ​​the roof and the entire territory (if not only the yard will be drained).
3. Determine the quality of the soil. Sand and sandy loam absorb moisture well, which cannot be said about loam and rocky soils. Also, absorption slows down the presence of plants on the site - the root system facilitates the drainage of water, but prevents its rapid absorption.
4. Find out the location of other communications (main sewerage, water supply, drains).

An important indicator is the freezing point of the soil. If the pipes are laid below this point, the sewerage system will function without interruption even in winter. If the depth is insufficient, the ice will block all pipes and trays, preventing the outflow of water. Correct deepening of the pipeline guarantees a long service life of the entire system.

The problem of soil freezing can be solved in a more modern way. To do this, the pipes are not dug deep, but an electric cable is laid under them for heating. However, such a system will cost the owners a fairly substantial amount - having saved on excavation work, they will have to pay increased amounts of electricity bills in the winter.

It should be noted that SNiP contains all the formulas necessary to carry out calculations taking into account the type of drainage system, diameter and material of pipes. The finished project must be approved by the supervisory authorities! It is preferable to contact a licensed design organization, which will quickly and efficiently prepare all the necessary documentation, and also coordinate the project in all instances without the participation of the owners.

What is taken into account when calculating?

For each private construction site (exploited area of ​​the territory), designing an individual storm drainage scheme is commonplace.

However, the basis is always taken to be solutions typical for standard stormwater construction projects. Typical solutions by default involve resorting to technical calculations before the construction of the system begins.

Calculations are carried out with an eye to SNiP and taking into account the following factors characteristic of a specific area and object:

• annual precipitation rate;
• soil properties;
• object area;
• mass of discharged water;
• required drainage area.

In addition to information about the mass of sediment discharged, other information can be obtained by contacting the local weather service. And the conditional amount of discharged precipitation products is calculated using the formula, where the area of ​​the drainage area and the parameter of the intensity of this precipitation are taken as calculation data.

Current requirements for the construction of rainwater drainage systems

During the design work and construction of storm drains, it is important to be guided by official requirements and rules.

The sewage system is arranged in such a way as to prevent the ingress of household fecal water contaminated with chemicals and organic matter into it. It is also prohibited to connect the storm drain to the sewer of industrial enterprises. This applies to city highways. If industrial, fecal and household wastewater somehow ends up in the surface collector, it is not discharged into the nearest body of water or ravine, but is sent through a constructed pipeline to a local treatment plant.

When constructing storm drains, be sure to maintain a slope towards the central collector (if we are talking about urban networks) or towards a septic tank, drainage well, or the nearest body of water (if we are talking about a private area).

It is advisable to install the system so that rain and melt water are transported to the receiver or discharge point by gravity. If this is impossible to do due to the terrain in some area, special internal pumps are installed in chambers (caissons). This section of communication is called pressure.

If there is an agreement concluded with municipal services, rainwater flows into the public sewer without preliminary treatment.

When installing storm drains in private areas, you can create an open drainage system. The same applies to recreational areas. In urban areas with dense buildings, it is necessary to install underground storm drainage.

When installing storm drains along the road, it is important to use pipes or trays with the required load class. As a rule, these are B, C. They can withstand from 12.5 to 25 tons.

It is necessary to observe the deepening level of the outer trays. They should be located below the plane of the site from which water is drained. Otherwise, the gutters will not perform their primary function - filling and draining rainwater from the site. In this regard, SNiP contains information that it is necessary to bury closed rainwater drainage pipes in accordance with the existing experience in operating underground communications in a particular region.

During the construction of a rain drainage system, a security zone must be established. It implies a ban on such construction activities within 5 meters from each edge of the trays:

• construction of any objects;
• organization of waste dumps;
• parking lot equipment;
• arrangement of recreation areas, playgrounds, etc.

Plants can be planted at a distance of 3 meters from each side of the gutter.

Approaches and entrances to the inspection wells of the system must be open at any time of the day.

Installation features

Install the storm drain in accordance with the type of system chosen.

• Trenches are dug taking into account the depth, width and direction of slope.
• The bottom of the trench is compacted and covered with a layer of sand.
• A foundation pit is being prepared for installing a plastic or concrete water collector.
• Pipes and trays connected into one system are laid on the sand bed. The joints are sealed.
• Inspection wells are installed at the joints.
• Underground pipes are covered with soil, and above-ground channels are covered with gratings.

The process of installing storm drains takes a minimum of time, quickly and with minimal damage to green spaces, if the installation of storm drains is carried out by specialists. Although the most reasonable thing is to arrange a storm drainage system at the stage of construction and laying utilities.

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Installation process

The installation of a storm drain from scratch includes the following steps:

• Gutter holders are fixed on the roof at a distance of 80-90 centimeters from each other. A slope of two millimeters is maintained for each linear meter of the gutter.
• Places for funnels are marked in the gutters. The finished hole is 10 centimeters. A funnel is inserted into it. The open ends of the gutters are closed with plugs.
• Then the gutters are placed in holders, joining the sections using connecting elements and sealant.
• Corner bends are attached to the funnels, ensuring the outflow of water into drains placed vertically on the walls of the building.
• Drainpipes are attached to the walls using clamps. The distance from the drain to the wall should not be less than 10 centimeters!
• Drain elbows are mounted to the lower edges of the drains. The distance from the knee to the ground is 30 centimeters. A separate rain inlet is located under each drain elbow.
• Stormwater mains are laid in already prepared trenches with a sand cushion at the bottom 10-15 centimeters thick. Shallow ditches are dug for trays and storm water inlets. At the same time, collectors and inspection wells are being built.

All trays and gutters are equipped with sand traps. After which they are connected using elbows to the main drain located below the freezing point of the soil. The tightness of all connections is strictly observed.

The common pipeline is discharged into the collector (additional filters, for example, sorption filters, can be installed in front of it).

From the collector, water flows into a storage well, from which emergency drainage is provided through a special pipe led into a ravine, a nearby reservoir or city sewer. Water can also be pumped out manually using a pump. In this case, a water discharge pipe is not needed.

After installation, the functionality of the system is checked. To do this, water is poured into the storm drain. After which the trays are closed with protective grilles, and the pipes are covered with soil.

Necessary tools

To carry out the work you will need:

• bayonet and shovel shovels for excavating soil from trenches and pits for wells and collectors;
• hacksaw for cutting plastic pipes;
• wrenches (adjustable and wrench);
• screwdriver;
• file for polishing pipe cuts.

Materials used:

• plastic pipes;
• trays, funnels and grates (required for installing an open drainage system);
• plastic inspection wells or concrete rings for their construction;
• sand traps and filters (if the water will be used for watering the garden and contains harmful impurities).

Calculation of storm water

Mathematical form of the formula:

M = (A * 20) * S * k,

In it accordingly:

• M – mass of discharged water;
• A – intensity of precipitation for 20 minutes;
• S – drainage area (for the roof also + 30% of the total area of ​​the building walls);
• k is the coefficient of moisture absorption by the object material.

The materials of the object are often roofing coverings (k=1); concrete and asphalt structures (k=0.9); soil (k=0.75); crushed stone, gravel (k=0.45).

System design features

Atmospheric precipitation is removed from the roof of the building through a rainwater collection system. These are external lines of riser pipelines placed under the end points of the receiving gutters. In turn, receiving gutters are mounted along the perimeter of the roof area under the lower edge of the covering.

Collection of rain (melt) water from the roof area is carried out, first of all, by gutters. These structural elements are mounted along the lower edge of the roof covering and are adjacent to the riser at the lowest point of the slope. Next, the water is directed through the pipe to the rain receiver.

On flat roofs, the drainage goes directly into the pipe risers. With this scheme, drain pipelines are usually mounted vertically inside buildings, and their upper sockets are brought out onto the roof and are integral with the roofing carpet. On flat roofs of private houses, the presence of one drainage funnel is permissible.

If the house uses internal risers with an open outlet, their design must provide for the possibility of draining melt water into the domestic sewer system in winter. The drain line must be equipped with a water seal. Based on the calculated data on the consumed mass of water, the diameter of the pipes for the construction of the storm sewer riser is selected.

Table for selecting pipes for the riser:

The preferred material for internal drain pipes is plastic, asbestos cement, cast iron. Tin and plastic pipes are usually used to construct an external storm drainage system.

When installing horizontal trunk lines, it is required to maintain a standard slope (not less than 0.005 m and not more than 0.15 m per 1 m of line length).

Storm drainage projects for private housing construction usually involve the use of plastic pipes for the installation of linear mains. This is the most reliable option, but the most economical. However, frequent damage to individual areas negates all savings.

In case of maintenance, it is necessary to provide for the installation of inspections and cleanings. On storm sewer risers, audits are installed within the boundaries of the lower floor of the building.

In order to calculate the throughput of linear storm drainage trays, it is necessary to take into account the area of ​​the object being treated, the amount of slope towards the channels and the water absorption coefficient adopted to cover the territory. In addition to these data, you will also need to calculate the hydraulic cross-section of the tray.

Throughput of trays/pipes. To install storm drains in the private sector, trays and gutters with a cross-section of 100 mm are mainly used. In general, its width is calculated based on the area of ​​the territory from which rainwater will be drained. If we are talking only about the roof, for an indicator of 70 m2, gutters 90 cm wide are needed; for an area from 70 to 140 m2, take trays 130 mm wide. At the same time, the level of water absorption of each material is taken into account - paving slabs, soil, asphalt, etc. These data are taken from the coefficient table (roofing - 1.0; asphalt concrete - 0.95; cement concrete - 0.85; crushed stone with bitumen - 0.6; crushed stone - 0.4). More detailed indicators of water absorption of rainwater can be found in SNiP. If you choose the wrong section of gutters, they will be overfilled.

Basic calculations when developing a project

When developing a rainwater drainage project and carrying out calculations, SNiP data are also used.

Pipes with a cross-section of up to 500 mm are laid to a depth of 15-20 cm. It is understood that the upper edge of the tube will be located at this distance from the surface of the site. Pipes with a cross-section of 500 mm are placed at a depth of 30-40 cm. A collector with a cross-section of 500 mm is mounted at a level of 70 cm from the ground surface. Open linear trays are mounted just below the platform level. In this case, they are guided by their height. For example, the gutter has a height of 10 cm. Add 2-3 cm to it for deepening the system relative to the upper edge of the ground and add another 15 cm for adding sand and pouring concrete mortar.

With a cross section of 100 mm, gutters are laid with a slope of 1-1.5 cm per linear meter. At a higher rate, water with impurities of sand and earth will move at high speed, all large suspensions will remain at the bottom of the storm drain and form a blockage over time. With a pipe cross-section of 110-160 mm, you can make a slope of 8 mm per linear meter of the system. If the channel diameter is 220 mm, the collector is tilted at the rate of 7 mm for each meter of its length.

To determine the capacity of the trays, use the formula: Q = q20 x F x Ψ , where q20 is the average annual precipitation for the region (taken from the local meteorological service); F – area of ​​the site from which water will be drained; Ψ – coefficient of water absorption of materials. The resulting value is looked at in a special set of technical characteristics for each gutter and thus the trays are selected according to their throughput.

Immersion depth and slope of pipelines

All underground communications are laid below the ground freezing level in winter. In this regard, the design of drainage sewerage has a fundamental difference. The specificity of stormwater systems is their seasonal operating mode. Winter changes and movements do not threaten to stop the system because there is no rain. Hence the somewhat vague requirement of SNiP to lay drainage to a depth “based on the experience of operating networks in a given region.” No clearly defined values ​​or quantities are given. In this case, it is considered correct to leave the issue to the discretion of experienced local builders.

Unlike the depth of immersion, the magnitude of the slope is determined with sufficient accuracy. The minimum diameter of storm sewer drainage pipes is 200 mm. For this size, the slope should not be less than 7 mm per meter of length. As the pipe cross-section increases, the slope decreases.

This is done in order to balance the speed and energy of water movement. If it drains too quickly, the transfer of solids will stop. Sand and other debris will not have time to come out and will settle to the bottom. After some time, a blockage will form, clearing which will become a difficult and time-consuming task.

Sample Project

A storm drainage project is done in dwg format and always includes sections such as:

Example of a storm drainage project

1. Total information;
2. precise diagrams of sewer networks;
3. site plan, which indicates the location of each element of the system;
4. equipment specification in detail;
5. calculation of the budget part of construction.

As a rule, for this service it is customary to contact a specialized company, where there are specialists who know how to calculate what material and in what quantity you will need to install a storm drain.

Do not forget to follow SNiP

If you want to try to cope with this task yourself, then do not forget to be guided by building codes and regulations, as well as GOSTs.

So, you have to calculate the following parameters:

• number and location of wells;
• pipe length;
• materials, alarms, sensors.

All this data can be obtained only taking into account the total catchment area, the amount of precipitation (taken from SNiP), the proximity of reservoirs, the speed of runoff, etc.

Layout drawing for storm drain

But in order to draw up the most accurate estimate for the project and understand how much money you will need to install rainwater drainage on the site, you need to find out the cost of its components.

For example, now one point water collector, which is installed under a vertical drain, costs 490 rubles, and at least 2 pieces will be required.

You will also need drainage pipes; elements with a cross-section of 110 mm, 125 mm, 160 mm, and sometimes 200 mm are most often used.

Their cost is for 1 piece. depends on the size. If you take pipes with a diameter of 110 mm and a length of 561 mm, then it will cost 65 rubles per piece, the same configuration, but with a longer length (1061 mm), will cost 120 rubles per piece.

This is what a sewer well looks like

One of the main elements of the system is the sewer well.

The cost of such plastic structures starts from 15 thousand rubles, and depends on the dimensions of the specific model.

Also remember to consider the cost of sand and crushed stone used to create a cushion at the bottom of the trench.

Today, 1 cubic meter of sand costs approximately 500 rubles, and crushed stone costs 350 rubles.

Knowing the current prices, you can easily calculate the cost of your storm drain project.

Automated design programs

This video shows an engineering program that allows you to easily and quickly design external storm sewer networks. After creating a sketch of the pipeline, the program produces a storm sewer project that meets all the requirements of SNiP and GOST.

The construction of storm sewers is carried out in strict accordance with the developed project. This document brings clarity to the issue of constructing a drainage network, its length, as well as the direction and slope of individual pipelines.

In addition, the design documentation indicates the amount of building materials, specialized equipment, and tools. All costs are summed up and the final budget of the engineering structure is determined.

In addition to collecting rain and melt water, when developing project documentation, the issue of the need for their treatment, as well as possible and expedient methods of disposal, are considered.

Contents of the package of documents after the design is completed

The finished project must contain complete information about its configuration, structural parts and characteristics. The collection tanks, pipes, and intake manifolds indicated in the documents - each element is presented with a detailed description and justification for the choice. The project includes:

• common part;
• sewerage layout diagrams combined with the site plan. The drawings must indicate all network elements;
• specifications for materials, composition and quantity of equipment;
• the estimated part of the construction work.

In fact, design documents for storm sewers can be considered detailed instructions for its construction. Moreover, in urban conditions, a water drainage system must be organized over a large area. And if we are talking about the improvement of a country house, then, as a rule, calculations are made to remove wastewater outside the site.

Regulatory documents for calculations

When performing design work, specialists are guided by the requirements of a number of regulatory documents that are in force at a given time. Based on SNiP 2.04.03-85, the sewerage system is calculated, through which excess moisture is removed from the site.

This document contains all the formulas that need to be used to make calculations. There you can also find instructions on the quality of materials used and installation technologies. It is important to accurately calculate the sewer slope. In this case, designers take into account the type of drainage system, the cross-sectional diameter of the selected pipes and the characteristics of their surface coating.

Also, developers of a storm sewer project must take into account other regulations (GOST 3634-99, as well as GOST 21.604-82). The finished project must be approved by supervisory authorities vested with the appropriate powers. To avoid problems with the approval of project documentation, it is necessary to use the services of a design organization that has a license for this type of activity. Employees of such companies know all the nuances of project design and guarantee the quality of their preparation. If necessary, employees of the company whose services the developer decides to use will coordinate the drainage project with Rospotrebnadzor, Vodokanal and other authorities that control this range of issues.

Remember that the company that prepared the design documentation, at the request of the customer, can monitor compliance with technical requirements during the construction of storm sewers. The project is being implemented under the supervision of developers using high-quality materials and strictly following the technologies used.

Installation practice

Draining water from the roof

If you have the correct design documentation, installing a storm sewer will not be difficult. It is enough to strictly adhere to the plan.

Availability of documentation will allow you to put the installation work out to tender and conclude a formal contract for the work. Often, this option is more profitable than hiring a team with shovels.

What does storm drainage include, besides excavation work to drain and collect water?

It is necessary to organize the collection of water from roofs. Roofs have a large area, and if water is drained incorrectly, the house can be damaged.

Through fixed gutters, water enters drainpipes, which are placed above the gratings of the storm sewer receiver.

When designing storm drains, it is important to take into account the amount and intensity of precipitation.

Required information for a development application

An application for storm sewer design is submitted to the design organization selected to prepare all the necessary documentation.

Information must be attached to the application, namely:

• topographic plan of the land plot;
• data from geological surveys of the condition of soils on a given land plot;
• urban planning plan of the territory;
• technical conditions for connecting to external utilities;
• preferred method for removing rainwater from the site, etc.

The formation of technical specifications is carried out taking into account the wishes of the developer and the information provided by him to the design organization. In turn, the drainage and storm sewer project is created according to the technical specifications.

From several trial versions of the project, one main one is selected, which, in the opinion of the customer and designers, is the most effective. After agreeing on the selected version, all particular details of the engineering structure are worked out.

As a result, the customer is given design and estimate documentation drawn up in accordance with accepted standards. An explanatory note with the following sections is attached to the graphic part of the project, consisting of all kinds of drawings:

• general project data (statements of working drawings, characteristics of the equipment used, etc.);
• storm drainage diagram;
• site plans, which indicate the exact location of all storm sewer elements;
• Hardware Specification;
• calculation and justification of the financial part of the project.

Storm drainage system project price

The price for designing rainwater drainage depends on many criteria:

1. area of ​​the canalized facility;
2. ownership of the object (enterprise or private household);
3. availability of storm water discharge sites;
4. approval from government agencies.

Cost of services for designing water supply and sanitation systems

For the final calculation of the design cost, specialists will visit the site to collect the necessary data.

General principles for arranging storm drains

Owners of private houses are quite capable of constructing communications for collecting and draining rain (melt) water with their own hands. After completing all the calculations and purchasing the required materials, they begin to arrange the storm drainage system.

The first step is to dig trenches for drainage lines in the local area, according to the planned plan. Trenches are brought to the locations of drain risers (drainpipes). For planning a private household system, a trench depth of 300-500 mm is sufficient.

Important! When excavating trenches, take into account the slope of future pipelines (or trays) towards the central storage reservoir. The bottom of the finished trenches is compacted by tamping and covered with a layer of river sand (at least 200 mm high).

On sites under drainpipes, pits are dug for storm water inlets and installed. These system elements are rectangular containers of small volume (5-10 liters).

To construct inspection and rotary wells, it is recommended to use ready-made industrial plastic containers or make cast ones from polymer concrete. The first option is more expensive, but easier to install and maintain.

Industrially produced storm water inlets are usually supplemented with large waste collection baskets. Natural debris inevitably ends up in storm drains with rainwater flows.

Based on the chosen technology for constructing storm sewers (open or closed), trays are laid in the trenches or a line of polymer pipes is installed.

If you are making a simple tray drainage system with outlet to a nearby lawn, it is advisable to consider the risks of possible soil erosion in the drainage areas. Elements of closed installation at joints must be sealed.

The communications collected in this way must be connected to a common storage tank or collector of a centralized network.

You should also take care of constructing sand filters immediately before entering the common storage tank. And don’t forget to install inspection wells. Their installation is necessary on sections of highways longer than 10 meters, as well as in places in the diagram where turns in the drainage line are formed.

Methods for discharging collected water

A serious task for owners of suburban real estate is the drainage of rainwater collected from the total area of ​​the site.

If there are no centralized communications near the house, there are two options left to solve this problem:

1. Collection in a special tank and subsequent use for irrigation;
2. Discharge of water from the reservoir into the ground or into natural areas.

The first option is considered rational, provided that there are watering facilities on the territory of the house. In this case, you will need a simple device (a household pumping station) to pump water from the storage tank and then supply it to the irrigation areas.

The second option is accompanied by great difficulties. Removal into the ground is a time-consuming process. How long it takes to hatch depends on the soil’s ability to absorb moisture. In different relief areas, the coefficient of soil saturation with moisture can differ significantly.

In order to divert the storm sewer product to natural areas (“to the relief” or “to the landscape”), an additional scheme will have to be implemented. This scheme includes a central reservoir and a groundwater treatment system, for example, a filtration field.

The “relief” or “landscape” output scheme is accompanied by difficulties in constructing treatment modules. Both options require approval from environmental authorities.

Usually, the owner of the property (plot) has to contact the following organizations with the subject of approval:

• Department of Natural Surveillance.
• Fisheries Department.
• Office of Consumer Regulation.
• Basin and water management.
• CGMS.

The subject of approval means “Draft standards characterizing the discharge procedure.” Based on such a project, a permit is issued allowing the discharge of pollution “onto the landscape” or “on the relief”, and a decision is made on the provision of a water body.

Implementing such options illegally carries the risk of high fines, and legal disposal requires approval from the authorities.

Private real estate projects traditionally include other communication networks along with storm drainage. Domestic sewerage and drainage systems are also part of household communications. The principle of their operation differs little from the functioning of storm drains, in which owners of private houses often see the possibility of using these networks.

Meanwhile, the combination of storm sewerage with a domestic sewerage drainage system is prohibited by SNiP. The ban on combining different types of sewage systems is due to obvious factors.

Thus, provided that rainwater is discharged into the domestic sewer system and taking into account the high intensity of precipitation, the normal level of sewerage is increased several times.

Flooding of working wells leads to blockage of household and fecal wastewater. Mud deposits and natural debris flow into the domestic sewage system. As a result, after the next rainstorm, the organizers of the structure will have to clean the system.

Combining a storm drain with a sewer main threatens to result in disastrous results. Overflow of the drainage system due to violation of the design loads leads to flooding of the building foundation.

Frequent flooding disrupts the structure of the soil, which causes displacement of foundation blocks, erosion of the foundation under a monolithic structure, and in the future can lead to the destruction of the building.

Construction of a closed storm drain

This is a more complex storm drainage system

.
It involves performing quite extensive preparatory work, which is difficult to complete if the construction and arrangement of the site has already been completed. With timely design, such a system will make it possible to hide the storm drain
, removing all drainage elements below the zero point.

Closed storm drain elements:

• pipes - ceramic, plastic, asbestos-cement and other materials, they are also divided according to the class of rigidity and flexibility;
• storm water inlets, trays, grates are necessary elements for collecting water from external drainage;
• inspection and rotary wells are part of communications that allow timely removal of blockages by flushing pipes;
• collector or drainage well - selected depending on the availability near a reservoir or central sewerage system.

Step-by-step device:

1. Design. The most important point in planning underground drainage is the precise placement of all elements of the system. This will not only reduce time costs, but also reduce the amount of work. Particular attention should be paid to the choice of material for pipes and wells.
2. Digging trenches. The depth depends on the location of the groundwater and the diameter of the pipes used. The larger the pipe, the deeper the bottom of the ditch should be lowered.
3. Preparatory work. Typically, storm sewer installation
   is carried out at least below the freezing level. This means that for normal functioning during the period of frost, it is worth insulating the main line. For this, geotextiles (porous fabric that also serves as a filter layer) and crushed stone are used. In addition, with the help of a cushion embankment, the required slope is achieved.
4. Pipe laying. Sand is poured onto the compacted bottom of the trench, geotectile is tightly rolled and covered, with the excess being discharged to the side faces. Then a layer of crushed stone (30 cm) is poured, and pipes are placed on top. They are completely covered with crushed stone and wrapped with geotextile on top.
5. Testing. Any system requires testing. Water is supplied under pressure and it is determined whether there is a leak. This step should be carried out before adding gravel.
6. Arrangement. If the system is sealed, soil is poured on top of the geotextile and a lawn is sown.

Advantages of a combined drainage system
Each of the above methods for draining storm water from a site has a number of disadvantages. An open system has an unattractive appearance and, if the slope is calculated incorrectly, can lead to waterlogging of nearby areas. A closed system is labor-intensive and not accessible to everyone due to the financial component.

Therefore, combining the advantages of each type led to the popularity of an economically beneficial system - a mixed one. With this method, water is collected from the roof and drained from the façade using point storm inlets connected underground by a system of pipes. And along the paths, fence and rear slopes of the roof - with external gutters. All the resulting flows are ultimately combined using a single drainage system to the collector.

Exploitation

Storm drainage is a fairly reliable drainage system that requires minimal maintenance.

Regular maintenance includes:

• cleaning the protective grilles of ground elements from large debris (branches, leaves, etc.);
• removing sediment from sand traps;
• cleaning gutters around the roof perimeter.

It is also necessary to pay special attention to the efficiency of the storm drain. If stagnation of water or poor-quality drainage is noted, the reason lies in a clogged pipeline located underground.

Read more: Storm sewer maintenance: basic operating rules

To solve the problem, the use of special equipment is required. Sewage flushing is carried out through inspection wells or collectors. Specialists use special water pumps equipped with a long hose with a nozzle attachment. High pressure water washes away debris and frees the pipeline. Such emergency flushing is required only if the basic operating rules are not followed:

• untimely cleaning of grates and sand traps;
• or if there are no filters or sand traps in the system.

Sources: strojdvor.ru; aqua-rmnt.com; gidkanal.ru