GOST 3242-79 / Auremo

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gost-3242-79.pdf (340.15 KiB)
GOST 3242-79

GOST 3242–79 Group B09

INTERSTATE STANDARD

WELDED CONNECTIONS

Quality Control Methods

Welded joints. Quality control methods

Date of introduction 01/01/81

By Decree of the USSR State Committee for Standards dated August 2, 1979 N 2930, the validity period was set from 01/01/81. The validity period was removed by Decree of the State Standards Committee of Russia dated 10/21/92 N 1434 INSTEAD OF GOST 3242–69 REISSUE. May 2002

1. This standard establishes quality control methods and the scope of their application when detecting defects in welded joints of metals and alloys made by welding methods given in GOST 19521–74. The standard complies with the CMEA standardization recommendations PC 5246−73*, PC 4099−73, PC 789−67 and the international standard ISO 2437−72. ________________ * Access to international and foreign documents mentioned here and further in the text can be obtained by following the link. — Note from the database manufacturer.

2. The use of a method or set of control methods for detecting defects in welded joints during technical inspection of structures at all stages of their manufacture, repair and modernization depends on the requirements for welded joints in the technical documentation for the structure. Control methods must correspond to those given in the table and are indicated in the technical (design and technological) documentation for the structure.

3. The admissibility of using methods not established in this standard must be provided for in the technical documentation for the design. The technology for monitoring welds by any method must be established in the regulatory and technical documentation for monitoring.

Non-destructive methods for quality control of welded joints

Type of control	Control method	Characteristics of the method				Application area	Designation of the standard for control method
Detected defects	Sensitivity		Features of the method
Technical inspection	External inspection and measurement	Surface defects	Discontinuities are detected, deviations of the size and shape of the welded joint from the specified values of more than 0.1 mm, as well as surface oxidation of the welded joint.		The method allows you to detect defects of the minimum detectable size during inspection and measurement of a welded joint using optical instruments with a magnification of up to 10 and measuring instruments	Not limited	—
Capillary	Colored Luminescent Fluorescent-colored	Defects (discontinuities) coming to the surface	Conditional sensitivity levels according to GOST 18442–80		The sensitivity and reliability of the method depend on the quality of preparation of the joint surface for testing	Not limited	GOST 18442–80
Radiation	Radiographic Radioscopic Radiometric	Internal and surface defects (discontinuities), as well as defects in the form of the connection	From 0.5 to 5.0% of the controlled metal thickness From 3 to 8% of the controlled metal thickness From 0.3 to 10% of the controlled metal thickness		Detection of defects according to GOST 7512–82. Sensitivity depends on the characteristics of the weld joint being inspected and the means of control	According to GOST 20426–82	GOST 7512–82
Acoustic	Ultrasonic	Internal and surface defects (discontinuities)	Thickness of welded joint, mm	Ultimate sensitivity, mm	The size, number and nature of defects are determined in conventional indicators according to GOST 14782–86	According to GOST 14782–86	GOST 14782–86
From 1.5 to 10 incl.	0,5−2,5
St. 10 to 50 "	2,0−7,0
» 50 «150 «	3,5−15,0
» 150 «400 «	10,0−80,0
» 400 «2000 «	35,0−200,0
Magnetic	Magnetic fluxgate	Surface and subsurface discontinuities	Conditional sensitivity levels according to GOST 21104–80*		The method provides identification of: internal discontinuities located at a depth of up to 10 mm from the joint surface; multidirectional defects. The sensitivity and reliability of the method depends on the quality of preparation of the compound for control	According to GOST 21104–75	GOST 21104–75
_______________ *Probably an error in the original. Should read: GOST 1770–74. — Note from the database manufacturer.
Magnetic powder	Surface and subsurface discontinuities	Conditional sensitivity levels according to GOST 21105–87		The method provides identification of internal discontinuities located from the joint surface at a depth of up to 2 mm inclusive. The sensitivity and reliability of the method depend on the quality of preparation of the compound for control	According to GOST 21105–87	GOST 21105–87
Magnetographic	Surface, subsurface and internal discontinuities	From 2 to 7% of the thickness of the controlled metal		The reliability of testing is reduced in the presence of irregularities on the controlled surface of the joint measuring more than 1 mm. Sensitivity decreases with increasing discontinuity depth	Welded butt joints made by gas arc welding, structures made of ferromagnetic materials. Controlled thickness no more than 25 mm	—
Leak detection	Radiation	Through defects	For krypton 85 - from 1 10 to 1 10 mmMPa/s		Radioactive danger	Detection of leaks in welded joints operating under pressure, closed nuclear power structures, as well as closed structures when other leak detection methods cannot be used. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Mass spectrometric	Through defects	By method: accumulation at atmospheric pressure - up to 1·10mmMPa/s; evacuation from 1·10 to 1·10mmMPa/s; probe - up to 1·10mmMPa/s		Operating conditions for leak detectors: ambient temperature 10−35 °C, maximum relative humidity 80%	The method of pressure accumulation is to determine the total degree of leakage of closed structures. The evacuation method is to determine the total degree of leakage of closed and open structures. Probe method - detection of local leaks in welded joints of large structures Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Gauge	Through defects	By method: pressure drop - from 1·10 to 7·10mmMPa/s differential pressure gauge to 1·10mmMPa/s		The sensitivity of the method decreases when testing large-volume structures. The duration of the test, the temperature of the test gas and the environment, as well as the amount of atmospheric pressure affect the test error	Welded joints of closed structures operating under pressure: pressure drop method - to determine the amount of total leaks; differential pressure gauge method - to determine local leaks. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Halide	Through defects	For freon 12: atmospheric probe - up to 5·10 mmMPa/s; vacuum probe - up to 1·10 mmMPa/s		The reliability and sensitivity of testing is reduced if the surface being tested has irregularities (nodules, depressions) that prevent the probe from approaching the controlled surface.	Detection of the location and magnitude of local leaks in welded joints of closed structures operating under pressure. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Gas analytical	Through defects	For freon 12 (90%) mixed with air from 2 10 to 4 10 mmMPa/s		The reliability of the control is reduced in the presence of various vapors and gases in the surrounding atmosphere, including solvents for preparing the surface of the test joint, tobacco smoke and gases generated during welding	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of closed structures operating under pressure. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Chemical	Through defects	For ammonia - up to 6.65 10 mmMPa/s For ammonium - from 1 10 to 1 mmMPa/s		Compliance with fire safety regulations and rules for working with hazardous chemicals is required.	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of open and closed structures operating under pressure or intended for storing liquids. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Acoustic	Through defects	Not less than 1·10mmMPa/s		The control is carried out in the absence of noise interference. Remote control possible	Detection of leaks in welded joints of underground high-pressure water and gas pipelines. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Capillary	Through defects	Luminescent - from 1 10 to 5 10 mmMPa/s Luminescent color - from 1 10 to 5 10 mmMPa/s Luminescent-hydraulic - from 1 10 to 5 10 mmMPa/s Kerosene wetting - up to 7 10 mmMPa/s		Thorough cleaning of the monitored surface is required. The sensitivity of the method decreases when testing large thicknesses and when testing welded joints located in all spatial positions other than the bottom. When controlled by wetting with kerosene - high fire hazard	Detection of leaks in welded joints of open and closed structures: luminescent and luminescent-colored - welded joints of structures whose working substance is gas or liquid; luminescent-hydraulic and kerosene wetting - welded joints of structures whose working substance is liquid. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Pouring water under pressure	Through defects	From 3·10 to 2·10mmMPa/s		When inspecting large-capacity welded joints, structural rigidity must be ensured.	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of closed structures operating under pressure. Controlled thickness, not limited	Regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure
Pouring water without pressure	Through defects	No more than 1·10mmMPa/s		When inspecting large-capacity welded joints, structural rigidity must be ensured.	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of open structures. Controlled thickness is not limited	Regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure
Pouring with a stream of water under pressure	Through defects	No more than 1·10mmMPa/s		The sensitivity of the method increases with a luminescent indicator coating of the surface being inspected. Inspection is carried out before installation of equipment	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of open structures. Controlled thickness is not limited	Regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure
Watering with a diffuse stream of water	Through defects	No more than 1·10mmMPa/s		The sensitivity of the method increases with a luminescent indicator coating of the surface being inspected. Inspection is carried out before installation of equipment	Detection of local leaks in welded joints of open structures. Controlled thickness is not limited	Regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure
Bubble	Through defects	Pneumatic: air blowing - from 7 10 to 1 10 mmMPa/s with compressed air blowing - from 1 10 mm MPa/s Pneumohydraulic: aquarium - 1 10 mm MPa/s pressure aquarium - from 5 10 to 1 10 mm MPa/s Vacuum (using vacuum chambers) - up to 1·10mmMPa/s		Control is carried out with compressed air. The composition of foaming coatings depends on the air temperature when testing using pneumatic and vacuum control methods	Detection of local leaks. Pneumatic method: by air injection - welded joints of closed structures, the working substance of which is gas or liquid; blowing with a jet of compressed air - welded joints of open large-sized structures. Pneumohydraulic aquarium and pressure aquarium methods: welded joints of small-sized closed structures operating under pressure. The vacuum method is a one-sided approach to controlled connections. Controlled thickness is not limited	Regulatory and technical documentation approved in accordance with the established procedure
Opening	Internal defects	Macroscopic defects are detected		Opening is carried out by cutting, drilling, gas or air-arc gouging, grinding, as well as cutting out a section of the welded joint with the subsequent production of layer-by-layer sections from it. After inspection, welding of the exposed section of the welded joint is required.	Welded joints that are not subject to heat treatment or are inaccessible for radiation and acoustic testing. Controlled thickness is not limited	—
Technological test	Internal and surface defects	Macroscopic and microscopic defects are detected		The control test is performed using the same technological process and by the same welder(s) as the controlled welded joints.	Not limited	—

Inspection methods, sounding patterns and methods of scanning welded joints

Control methods

According to GOST, ultrasound can be performed using various methods, such as: mirror-shadow, echo-shadow, echo-pulse, diffraction, echo-mirror or delta method.

Carrying out an examination by any of the mentioned methods cannot be done without converters that are connected to a combined or separate circuit.

Pulse echo

Mirror-shadow

Echo-shadow direct beam (a) and inclined beams (b) probe

Echo-mirror

Diffraction

Variations of the delta method

Scanning methods

According to GOST, ultrasonic testing has two main scanning methods: longitudinal and transverse. In practice, both of these methods are combined to obtain the most accurate and extensive data on the presence of damage in the welded joint.

Transverse-longitudinal scanning options

The least popular scanning method is a swing beam, but it is also allowed by the state standard.

Swing beam method

Sounding schemes

The sound patterns for each type of weld are different. For example, according to GOST for ultrasonic testing of welds, butt joints are examined with a direct, single-reflected or double-reflected beam.

Sounding a butt seam with a doubly reflected beam

According to GOST for ultrasonic testing of welded joints, the study can be carried out with straight and inclined transducers, a direct or single-reflected beam scheme.

Scheme of sounding a fillet weld using combined inclined and direct transducers

It is worth noting that the standards allow the use of various sounding patterns in any type of welded joints that are included in the regulatory documents for control.

Pulse echo testing of intersecting welds is carried out using inclined transducers using a sounding circuit, which is shown in the figure:

Ultrasonic testing accurately detects transverse cracks. This procedure is carried out by inclined transducers with sound circuits, which are presented below:

Examination of butt welded joints for the presence of transverse cracks: a) - with the weld bead removed; b) – in the presence of a seam bead