Grover - technical characteristics, material features and main properties (75 photos)

Attitude towards the Grover puck abroad

The Grover spring washer can have varieties (a spring of two coils, a disk with a notch, for example, like a spring of two coils, like a washer with a notch)
Despite their importance in ensuring safety in assembled fasteners, spring disks have disadvantages that raise doubts about their effectiveness .

This attitude towards spring disks as locking elements was supported by NASA at the end of the last century. This agency came to this conclusion after the publication of an article about Grover’s washer, where it was concluded that the disk has a stopper effect only at the moment of tightening. When it is clamped on all sides, it turns into an ordinary flat disk without performing locking functions.

Grover spring washer - materials for manufacturing

Basically, the grower is made of carbon spring steel and is hardened. For normal interaction with the material of metal products used for fastening, the washer must be harder than them in order to “bite” into their metal when unwinding and prevent it.

There are growers made of aluminum, bronze, brass and even copper, for hardware made of the corresponding metal. Steel ones can be subjected to bluing (blackening), chrome plating, anodizing (creating an oxide film), etc.

Also, sometimes the horizontal planes of the Grover washers are given a certain roughness to increase the frictional forces between the surfaces of the parts being connected. An example of this is a forged railroad groover called a track washer.

And the double-turn spring washers used in the terminal bolts that secure the rails have an even more pronounced effect of resisting unwinding.

This is due to the fact that, unlike the grower, they do not turn into a flat part after final assembly.

Spring washer

Why is urea needed in cars
? Spring washers of the disc type: a - solid; b - split.

The use of spring washers inside gearbox housings is not permitted.  

The use of spring washers significantly reduces the stress in the bolts.  

The action of the spring washer is combined - the spring washer holds the bolt in a tense (stretched) state, and the sharp edges of the washer mechanically prevent the nut from being unscrewed.  

In addition to spring washers, various standard and special lock washers are used to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners. A cotter pin is a piece of bent wire with a semicircular cross-section.  

Using a spring washer on the back of the radiator reduces this phenomenon to a minimum, since in this case the aluminum, expanding, presses on the washer, and not on the copper.  

The dimensions of spring washers are taken from GOST 6402 - 70, which lists their dimensions, material and coatings.  

The dimensions of spring washers are taken from GOST 6402 - 70, which lists their dimensions, material and coatings. Depending on the sizes b and s, spring washers are divided into light ones, conventionally designated by the letter L, heavy ones - T, normal ones - N and extra heavy ones - OT.  

The petals of the spring washer of the piston lubrication ring should be evenly spaced to a diameter of 135 - 136 mm. The lubricating ring should extend beyond the piston disc along its entire circumference by 1 - 2 mm.  

The use of spring washers inside closed cavities of gears is not permitted. The countersunk screw heads of the fasteners must be completely recessed into the countersunk holes. The ends of screws, bolts, and studs should protrude 1-2 threads above the nut. The studs should sit tightly in their sockets and not loosen when the nuts are unscrewed.  

Fixation with spring washers is a common and reliable method. It is especially suitable for frequent disassembly of connections. This method is technologically advanced, since spring washers are produced in large quantities. Fixation with bend washers is more reliable than fixation with spring washers. The washers are produced by stamping using mass technology. This method is reliable and widely used in mechanical engineering. Locking with special friction nuts is convenient, as it does not require additional parts. This method is reliable, but manufacturing special self-locking nuts requires additional costs.  

Grover washer - the history of the creation of a new type of locking connection according to Gosstandart

At the end of the 19th century, the mechanical engineering field began to develop at a fairly high speed, which required new, more reliable connection methods. The quality of threaded connections at that time was low, and conventional versions could not withstand oscillatory loads and strong vibration. Due to this effect, the strength of the connection is significantly reduced, and other common problems associated with loss of tightness could arise. The situation was significantly improved by a spring washer, which significantly increased the strength and reliability of connections in the event of a vibration load.

The new type of connecting element is quite simple, which determines low cost and reliability in use. GOST 6402-70 spring washers determines the use of certain materials in their production. The key points are:

1. Reminds me of a regular spring coil.
2. The gap diverges in the direction opposite to the movement of the nut, thereby eliminating the possibility of unscrewing.
3. The rotation is fixed due to a special edge of the grower, which digs into the surface.

Download GOST 6402-70

When designating and marking a spring washer, it is indicated what material is used and the diametrical size. It is worth considering that not all materials are suitable for the manufacture of the product in question, since it is necessary to ensure high performance characteristics.

Manufacturing and materials for the grower

Why do you need car crankcase protection?

The production of such spring washers occurs strictly in accordance with GOST 6402−70. Several materials are used to make parts:

• Steel.
• Bronze.
• Non-ferrous alloys.

Typically, the hardness of metal products is in the range of 40–48 HRC. If St 70 is used, this figure can be increased to 50 HRC. The hardness of a bronze grower should be above 90 HRC. Parts are considered defective if the following are found on the surface:

• Burrs.
• Scale.
• Cracks.
• Corrosion.

The current standard allows for small defects located on the cut, traces of scale that cannot be separated. They do not have any effect on the dimensions of the part, as well as its strength characteristics.

The product will not be rejected if a slight trapezoidal cross-section is detected. In this case, the height of the part must be within acceptable limits. Finished products must be subjected to control tests. The Grover is squeezed several times until the diverging ends form one flat surface. This state is maintained for 24 hours. The height of the streaks should not exceed 1.65 times the thickness of the washer. Chips and cracks are not allowed.

Several types of washers are produced in production, with the dimensions specified in GOST. They are divided into groups:

• Ordinary.
• Heavy.
• Particularly heavy.
• Lungs.

The main material for the production of growers is spring steel. The finished part undergoes heat treatment, giving it high strength and resistance to various external influences. Heat treatment also reduces the fragility of the part. To protect parts from corrosion, they are galvanized.

The product comes in several shades:

• White.
• Blue.
• Rainbow.

Yellow chrome plating is also used to create an anti-corrosion layer. The outer surface of the washer is saturated with chromium. It protects the product from increased wear and also increases the hardness of the product.

Scope of application of hardware

Without fasteners, no production can exist. Almost no industry can do without spring washers. These products have become indispensable in many mechanisms. This is especially true for components that experience strong vibration or heavy loads that cause involuntary loosening of the nuts.

Such systems usually carry a high level of responsibility, so any weakening, especially complete unscrewing, can cause dire consequences.

However, there are several times when it is better not to install spring washers. The Grover stops thanks to its sharp edges. When fully tightened, the edges of the washer begin to bite into the metal surface with force. As a result, if it has little hardness, cutting will leave a noticeable mark. Therefore, such parts cannot be used in conjunction with soft metals. The surface of these products will be damaged.

The most important parameters of such fasteners are:

• Section of the ring.
• Width.
• Height.

The elastic force directly depends on the cross-section of the product. The larger it is, the stronger the elasticity of the part. Moreover, such changes do not in any way affect the coefficient of elastic deformation. The distribution of tightening force is uneven. The greatest importance is in the area where the ratchet teeth are located.

How to install the Grover washer?

As for its location, there is no fundamental difference whether it will be installed under the bolt head or under the nut. You can even use two elements at the same time, and then the effect will be doubled.

The peculiarity of this fastener is that the larger the cross-section of the ring in width and height, the higher the indicators of the developed elastic force, however, such changes do not in any way affect the value of elastic deformation. In addition, the tightening force is distributed unevenly over the entire circumference; its peaks occur in the area where the ratchet teeth are located.

Positive and negative aspects of the specialty

Why is a generator overrunning clutch needed? checking and dismantling the mechanism

Before choosing a specialty, you will need to know not only the functional responsibilities, but also what positive or negative aspects this specialty has.

So, the advantages include:

• high demand for this specialty in the labor market, especially in the jewelry industry;
• fairly high wages;
• the opportunity to engage in creativity;
• It is not necessary to look for work in government agencies; you can register as an individual entrepreneur.

It is worth mentioning the main disadvantages that this specialty has:

• it will be difficult and stressful work, mostly sedentary. As a result, this can lead to the development of diseases of the neck, joints of the arms and hands;
• a large number of tiny dust particles will be constantly inhaled, which negatively affects the lungs and can cause allergies.

We found out what kind of specialty an engraver is, who it is, what are the requirements for those who want to choose this specialty

History of the creation of the part

In the 19th century, mechanical engineering began to develop rapidly, which led to the need to create reliable and durable types of connections. Threaded structures were not of high quality; other varieties did not bring the desired effect due to the sensitivity of the load. Under the influence of vibration and vibrations, connections lose strength and tightness. With the advent of the spring washer, the situation has improved significantly. The part is durable and reliable, which is maintained even under various loads.

The design is a simple element, keeping its cost low without sacrificing reliability. Washer production is regulated by the standards established in GOST 6402-70. The main features of the grower are the following:

• is a regular part of a spring;
• involuntary unscrewing is eliminated due to the direction opposite to the nut's movement;
• With the help of the edge, the structure rotates and then digs into the surface of the workpiece.

The product marking indicates the characteristics of the part, including the material of manufacture and diameter indicators. For production, certain grades of metal are used that are capable of providing high performance properties.

The history of the Grover washer

Grover's washer appeared at the end of the 19th century during the rapid flourishing of many industries, especially instrument making and mechanical engineering. This has influenced the need for higher quality threaded connections.

Conventional fasteners (nuts, bolts) could not cope with the loads that appeared as a result of technological progress. As a result, the strength of the fastener connections was significantly reduced and led to unexpected actions.

The use of riveted joints was not a way out of the existing situation. They were not always easy to use, and if it was possible to use them, then later difficulties arose during maintenance. A fastener was required that would restrain shock loads and act as a stopper.

The Grover washer, named after the inventor D. Grover, began to have such properties. You can see what it looks like in the grower's photo.

Grover washer options

Most often, the product in question is used to ensure a reliable bolted connection. At the same time, it is often installed with a conventional design to significantly increase the contact area. Due to this, the reliability of the connection is significantly increased. Looking at the product drawing, two different versions can be noted:

1. The first one is considered the simplest. Considering the din 127 spring washer, we note that it has a different hole diameter, as well as coil thickness. In this case, a certain angle of deviation of the turns from the central axis is noted.
2. The second version is characterized by greater complexity in production. However, due to the complexity, the mechanism can withstand large dynamic and multidirectional loads.

The din127 m8 galvanized washer has become quite widespread. Due to special treatment, the protection of the surface from environmental influences is significantly increased. Also sold is a din 7980 m6 washer, which is characterized by its own specific features.

Most products have right-hand winding, due to which the production of hardware is carried out in a clockwise direction. But some versions are made with a left-hand turn.

What you need to know about the profession

It is very important to know what functional responsibilities an engraver has:

• be able to create models for an object;
• select the right material for the job;
• choose the right processing methods and methods, as well as the necessary tools;
• carry out engraving of any complexity;
• be able to bring work to perfection;
• sharpen engraving tools;
• carry out adjustment and adjustment of all necessary machines and devices necessary for engraving.

It is important to know where a specialist can work:

• various public or private jewelry workshops;
• in art workshops;
• in stores that sell gifts;
• in enterprises related to printing, textiles, or pulp and paper mills;
• in organizations where funeral services are provided, in particular, the production of monuments.

Fertilizers and chemical composition of the soil mixture

At the moment, there is a wide selection of specialized fertilizers for hemp; when feeding the plants, it is worth remembering that it is better not to top up than to overdo it. Thematic sites, in particular grow reports, will help you choose a line of fertilizers for hemp; in them you can see in what proportions and what fertilizers can be used.

Recently, special sets of fertilizers designed for the entire life cycle of cannabis have been gaining popularity. An example is a set of Flora Series mineral fertilizers, consisting of three ingredients.

Each of them is designed for a specific stage of plant development. The first helps the plant grow large and lush, the second strengthens the root system and helps form inflorescences, the third contains all the necessary secondary nutrients and is able to stabilize the pH level of the soil.

It is also worth mentioning the important role of soil acidity (Ph) and its electrical conductivity (EC). It is better to maintain their values ​​in the ranges of 5.5 – 6.5 and 1.0 – 2.0, respectively.

Varieties

The production of spring washers in our country is regulated by the provisions of GOST 6402-70. It establishes 2 options for the execution of these hardware.

The first execution is simple. The second option is more complicated. Grovers of this design are used in connections subjected to high loads, including vibration and those of a pulsed nature - shock.

This regulatory document clearly states that spring washers must be produced of the following types.

• Lungs. The cross section of the turns of such parts is rectangular. They are designated by the letter “L”.
• Particularly heavy. The cross section is square. The designation is: “OT”.
• Heavy. The cross-sectional configuration is the same as in the previous case – it is square. The letter "T" is used for designation.
• Normal. The cross section of the turns is also square. Indicated by the letter “N”.

The table shows the nominal dimensions of the parameters, which are shown on the execution drawings, for growers suitable for forming connections using appropriate rod fasteners. The unit of measurement is millimeters.

Parameter “k” (see Version 2) is relevant only for light and normal type washers. Its value varies in the range 0.15 mm ≤k≤0.8 mm.

The following designations are used in the table:

• Dn.st.e. – diameter (nominal) of a suitable fastening rod element;
• symbol “*” – “Nominal value”;
• symbols “**” – “Limit deviation”.

Growing marijuana

The preparatory stages are over, let's talk about the process of hemp cultivation itself. Conventionally, it can be divided into 5 stages:

• Germination and first shoots;
• Vegetative stage;
• Bloom;
• Harvesting;
• Drying, curing in preparation for further storage.

Germination

With the germination of hemp seeds, everything is very clear; the main thing is to create optimal conditions for awakening life in the seed. After the seed has sprouted for the first time, it will need a lot of light, observing the light regime of 18/6. When the sprout has grown stronger and has sprouted its second or third pair of leaves, it can be transplanted into a pot or planted in open ground.

At this stage, hemp is gaining strength and growing by leaps and bounds. It is during this period that the grower has the opportunity to shape the future hemp bush using methods to increase the yield of hemp. The active growth of cannabis is accompanied by an immodest appetite for the elements: nitrogen, magnesium and calcium.

During the vegetative stage, hemp actively gains green mass, which commercial growers take advantage of by cloning it, although this method only applies to photoperiod varieties. There is also a serious difference between the flow of vegas in indica and sativa dominant varieties.

Bloom

The sweetest stage of growing cannabis is when every day becomes a challenge. At this time, pre-flowers appear by which the sex of the cannabis can and should be determined. From the beginning of flowering until harvest, the colas begin to swell and bend from the weight of the inflorescences, and the emitted aroma becomes more intense with each passing hour. Fox tails appear, trichomes cover the inflorescences and leaves with a thick layer. Hemp at this time needs increased nutrition, in particular, the dosage of phosphorus and potassium can be doubled.

Harvesting

The end of flowering is characterized by darkening of the foxtails and cloudiness of the trichomes; if more than 50% of the glands have taken on an amber color, then it is time to begin harvesting.

BUT! To collect a truly powerful and tasty stuff, you should predict the moment of harvesting 2 - 3 weeks in advance, this will help to shed the plant, i.e. water with clean water without fertilizing, which will help get rid of residual fertilizers and make the taste cleaner and more pleasant. Do not be alarmed by the yellowing of the leaves; this is a normal reaction.

The last watering is recommended to be done 1 - 2 days before cutting the bush, it is also recommended to reduce the humidity level to the maximum. These procedures will make hemp manicuring easier and increase the potency of the resin.

Drying

Mistakes at this stage are unforgivable. Freshly picked manicure buds still contain moisture, which negatively affects its taste and complicates storage. To prevent the appearance of mold and drying out, it is better to observe the following conditions:

• Temperature within 18 – 24 C;
• The complete absence of light, under its influence, THC molecules disintegrate;
• Air humidity no more than 50%;
• Good ventilation.

If everything is done correctly, drying will not take more than 8 - 10 days, after which you can cure it if you wish.

Brief conclusion

Growing cannabis is a labor-intensive and interesting process, and the joy of the first completed grow is never forgotten. “If you want to learn to swim, swim” - this phrase is also suitable for growing marijuana, the skill comes with experience, fortunately there is a large selection of inexpensive autoflowering varieties that you can get your hands on and understand the basics of growing and, maybe, after a few years, your variety will be awarded at the next High Times cannabis cup.

• Sidbank Semyanych (European Countries) Feminized Autoflowering Spiritual Peace Skunk X Lowryder

• Kannabia Seeds (Spain) Feminized Autoflowering Strong euphoria Kaboom X Ruderalis Indoor: 400 g/m² Outdoor: 180 g/plant Sativa dominant 13%

*All information provided is for informational purposes only and does not constitute guidance or a call to action.

**We remind you that the use of marijuana seeds as seed material (growing hemp for the purpose of obtaining a plant) is prohibited by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. You can find out more about the law here.

Indoor or outdoor

A treasured marijuana bush at home is a dream for fans of this plant. Suitable places for growing:

1. In the living room, using a grow tent or grow box;
2. Pantry;
3. Utility premises: garage, barn, cellar, etc.;
4. Balcony, loggia;

The space for growing is limited only by imagination and directness of hands; some craftsmen collect decent yields of hemp even in system blocks.

When selecting premises, the following factors should be taken into account:

• The ambient temperature should be in the range of 20 – 30C, which corresponds to most residential premises;
• Access to the electrical network for connecting equipment (light, ventilation, etc.)
• Moderate humidity.

The article Growing Marijuana at Home describes in detail the procedure and comparison of different approaches.

By choosing open ground for growing cannabis, the grower makes his task somewhat easier. Costs are significantly reduced, there is less stress when guests arrive, and the role of plant growth regulator returns back to nature.

Washer compliance with GOST 6402

The grower is manufactured as specified in GOST (spring steel 65G), followed by heat treatment. This reduces the internal stress of the metal, increases its strength and resistance to external influences, and also reduces the fragility of the product.

Grover washers can be produced with or without coating. The applied coating improves the anti-corrosion properties, and the chrome coating also gives greater hardness to the washer and increases service life.

The sharp edge of the disk also stops spontaneous unscrewing due to the emphasis on the metal, therefore, when it is necessary to unscrew the fastener, mechanical damage (scratches) usually remains on the nut from the sharp edge as if from a carver.

It is not recommended to use the disk in an assembly with fasteners a second time, and when this recommendation is ignored, the fasteners are unscrewed at the most inopportune moment.

Design

The spring washer is similar in appearance to an incomplete turn of a spiral. The location of its ends, located in different planes, is of fundamental importance.

In the working position, the gap is oriented in the direction of the rotational movement carried out when tightening the fastener. This design solution reduces the possibility of loosening the connection to a minimum, since the washer acts as a stopper.

Engraving technique

Initially, black paints were used to make engravings, with which it was impossible to draw spots, create chiaroscuro, or use other artistic techniques. Such limitations did not allow using all the advantages of engraving and created a lot of problems, which the Venetian Hugo da Carpi managed to solve. The inventor proposed using several boards with the same pattern, but with different paints applied to it.

The new technique was called color woodcut. It made it possible to use engraving to create artistic masterpieces, but it was labor-intensive and therefore was not widely used. Only at the end of the 19th century did it become possible to use this type of engraving on a large scale.

Engraving, or woodcut, regardless of the color or paint used, made it possible to make many identical drawings. The original print was used until the image embossed on it was completely erased.

Wood was not used as a board for drawing for long; already at the end of the 15th century, engravers learned to make chisel engravings on metal, in particular, copper boards were used. Copper made it possible to independently determine the length and width of the lines, the drawing was deeper, the print was clearer and more saturated. Thanks to mastering the technique of engraving on metal, artists were able to create quite complex designs.

The development of engraving art could not stop at using just a few materials. At the beginning of the 17th century, engravers invented a new technique for creating boards from which an impression was made, called “etching.” From then on, the board was influenced not only mechanically, pressing it against the material on which the imprint was to appear, but also chemically.

The new execution technique made it possible to improve the art of engraving, creating not individual images, but portraits, still lifes, and satirical drawings. Especially if color engraving was used to make the print. For some time now, any work of art could be turned into an engraving.

Application of spring washers and operating features

Such fasteners have found wide application in the automotive industry, construction, engineering and industrial sectors, as well as in many other areas. In general, it is difficult to imagine an area in which this special-purpose washer would not be used.

Such products are an indispensable part of many components and mechanisms, especially if the latter experience shock and vibration loads that contribute to the loosening of bolted joints. But quite often these fastening points are entrusted with a very responsible mission, so even their weakening, let alone completely unscrewing, can lead to very dangerous consequences.

So, the use of spring washers is very common, but we will also consider cases when you should not give preference to this type of fastener. As already mentioned, the locking effect of the nut is achieved due to the sharp edges of the groover, which, after tightening the ring, seem to cut into the supporting surfaces.

Thus, if the latter are not hard enough, then the indentation is too pronounced. Therefore, the use of a grower in combination with soft metals and alloys, for example, magnesium, aluminum and others, is unacceptable, since as a result the surface of the product will be damaged.

As for its location, there is no fundamental difference whether it will be installed under the bolt head or under the nut. You can even use two elements at the same time, and then the effect will be doubled.

The peculiarity of this fastener is that the larger the cross-section of the ring in width and height, the higher the indicators of the developed elastic force, however, such changes do not in any way affect the value of elastic deformation. In addition, the tightening force is distributed unevenly over the entire circumference; its peaks occur in the area where the ratchet teeth are located.

In the mechanical engineering field you can find a fairly large number of different products that have spring properties. An example is a spring washer, often called a Grover. It is used as the main element of a wide variety of designs, but in some cases the use of such a fastening element is unacceptable. Let's take a closer look at the features of this product.

Types of engravings

Depending on the nature of the drawing, the following types of this art are distinguished.

Convex. An engraving made primarily on wood. Until the end of the 18th century, flat, polished, longitudinally cut boards were used to make such engravings. The selected board was primed, and a drawing was applied on top of the primer using a pen. The lines on both sides were cut off, and the wood between them was knocked out with a chisel to a depth of up to five millimeters. The result was bulges, onto which paint was applied using a special roller. Possessed similar qualities:

1. Relief engraving. Allowed me to make just an impression.
2. End woodcut. Allowed you to make up to 1500 impressions.
3. Linography. Up to 500 prints could be made.

In-depth. A type of engraving produced mechanically or chemically. A design consisting of in-depth combinations of lines and dots is made in a pre-prepared plate of copper, brass, zinc or iron.

Paint is applied into the resulting recesses using a roller, the plate is covered with wet paper on top and rolled between the rollers of the printing press. A variety of in-depth engravings are:

• chisel engraving;
• etching;
• drypoint engraving;
• soft varnish;
• dotted engraving;
• aquatint;
• mezzotint;
• Lavis.

Flat. A type of engraving produced using the lithography technique. A special type of limestone is used as the material for making this type of engraving. The limestone plate is smoothed, polished, or, conversely, honed until a rough surface appears.

Lithographic ink is applied to the prepared plate using a special pencil. The finished drawing is coated with acid and gum arabic. Such etching makes the areas covered with the design susceptible to paint. In this case, the space free from the drawing begins to repel the paint.

The finished board is coated with paint, after which any print can be made from it.

Colored. The technique for obtaining color engravings is described above. Today, color engravings can be found everywhere, although the technique of their production has remained virtually unchanged.

Engraving as an art form was popular in the Soviet Union. Engraving was used to make propaganda posters and leaflets. Modern artists rarely practice making engravings, so this technique is again used for the production of printed materials.

Standards [edit | edit code ]

According to GOST 6402, washers can be manufactured in four types (light, normal, heavy, extra heavy). The difference between the types lies in the cross-sectional dimensions of the washer and the amount of force required for its elastic deformation. Washers can be made of spring steel grades 65G, 70, 30X13. It is possible to manufacture from bronze (grade BrKMts 3-1 GOST 18175-78) or other non-ferrous alloys. The hardness of steel washers should be 40-48 HRC, bronze washers - at least 90 HRB. According to GOST 27017, the term “Grover washer” is an unacceptable synonym for the term “spring washer” and should not be used in all types of documentation and literature that are within the scope of standardization or using the results of this activity.

Standards for growers:

• GOST 6402-70
  — Spring washers. Technical specifications;
• DIN 127 B
  - Stainless lock washer with smooth ends (spring washer with blunt edges);
• DIN 127 A
  - Stainless lock washer with tang end (spring washer with sharp edges);
• NASM 35338
• ASME B18.21.1

which is correct and which is best, or you can do both here and there at the same time

A Grover washer or a spring split washer is used to prevent spontaneous loosening of the bolt or nut. It was invented as a simple and cheap fastening element at the dawn of technological progress and has not yet left the arena, which means it’s not a bad thing.

Perhaps one of its few disadvantages is that it becomes a simple flat washer when tightened and begins to work only when “slightly loosened.” But this was avoided with two turns, which are still held in high esteem on railway rails. Moreover, the fact that it (the washer) is disposable, after the first use (unscrewing) it loses its functions.

They put a grower, from personal experience, under what they are spinning. Turn the nut - under the nut, turn the bolt - under the bolt. It makes no sense on either side.

Spring washer [1] according to GOST 6402 [2]

(also
Grover washer
or
Grover
) is a split round washer, the ends of which are located in different planes, which serves to prevent self-unscrewing of fasteners during its elastic deformation under load
[1]
.

The spring washer is made of spring (hardened or stainless) steel in the form of a cut ring (left spiral). Bronze, aluminum, and Monel metal are also used as materials [3].

According to GOST 27017, the names “Grover washer”, “Grover”, “Groverka” are unacceptable synonyms for the term “spring washer” and should not be used in all types of documentation and literature that are within the scope of standardization or using the results of this activity [1]

.

Historical background

The first engravings appeared in the East. Around the 6th century AD. e. Chinese craftsmen used engraving techniques to create seals, brands and impressions. This type of engraving was devoid of grace and bore little resemblance to works of art; engravings were created for purely practical purposes. Impressions were made on soft wood. Wood engraving is called woodcut.

Engraving

The art of engraving became known to Europeans only at the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th centuries. The new technique was used to make playing and geographical maps, books and documents. For example, engraved sheets with imprints of the Holy Scriptures and pictures depicting biblical scenes were distributed in Germany.

In Russia, the engraving technique spread only in the second half of the 15th century. At the same time, the first engravers appeared.

Photo of the puck-grower

What you need to know about the specialty

The profession of an engraver by its type belongs to a qualified category of workers whose task is to perform engraving both manually and using special engraving machines. As a specialist, an engraver must be able to reproduce drawings of any complexity.

Hence the requirements that are presented to this specialist:

• must master the art of drawing using special hand tools, such as: gravers, cutters, various types of needles;
• be able to use different types of acids;
• be able to use an electric engraving machine;
• be able to create three-dimensional drawings on various materials, such as metal, plastic, wood, glass.

Final conclusion

Such conflicting opinions lead one to wonder whether such a part is needed in the fastener? Based on the results of the analyses, the following conclusion can be drawn. The spring washer performs its locking functions and has advantages over other elastic washers due to its low cost.

The conclusion suggests itself: if the Grover washer is cheaper in comparison with others, but has locking properties and is technologically advanced in production, then why refuse it?

It may not be included in the catalog of the best products, but it is not always necessary to use expensive materials if vibration loads occur in isolated cases.

Where does the name "grower" come from?

There are two main versions of why the spring washer is called that way. According to the first, the name of the inventor was immortalized. This assumption is supported by the fact that until the early fifties the word “Grover” was written with a capital letter in Soviet technical documentation. After the campaign against foreign words began in the USSR, in the opinion of the linguists of that time, which only clogged the “great and mighty”, transistors began to be called triodes, resistors - resistances, and the washer-grower was renamed spring, or in extreme cases it was recommended to write this lowercase term.