Septic tank “Topas”: how to drain purified water in clay soil

A cesspool for a toilet is a simple sewage system with high groundwater

Low-cost local treatment facilities for dachas are represented by cesspools. When constructing a structure, the rules of SanPiN and SNiP must be observed:

1. The storage pit is designed to collect domestic wastewater. It is located on a plot next to a country house;
2. This treatment facility must be 10 m away from the water supply and 20 m from the drinking water well;
3. The cesspool is located at a distance of 10–12 m from structures in neighboring areas. Violation of this rule will lead to the destruction of the foundations of houses or other buildings in the event of emergency situations;
4. It is allowed to make a drainage hole at a distance of 1 m from the fence;
5. The depth of the structure does not exceed 3 m.

This is a cheap sewer for a summer residence. The design does not provide for the use of a bottom. You can use such a structure when the daily volume of wastewater does not exceed 1 m3. When performing excavation work, it is necessary to ensure that the depth of the hole is no more than 2.5 m. If the groundwater layer is disturbed, then sewage will begin to pollute the environment. When there is a lot of waste, it is better to use a septic tank.

The temporary structure of the cesspool is constructed from cheap scrap materials. It will last at least 10 years. Such a do-it-yourself sewer system at the dacha can be made from tires, boards or beams. A sewage container is installed in the pits.

System selection

When choosing a system for treating wastewater from a septic tank, you should take into account not only your capabilities, but also carefully read the permissible sanitary standards and rules. Otherwise, if wastewater is spontaneously discharged into reservoirs and storm drains, you may get into trouble not only with your neighbors, but also with the law.

When installing and installing a wastewater discharge system, the following parameters must be taken into account:

• Treatment facilities are installed at a sufficient distance from residential premises;
• To discharge wastewater into the environment, it must be pre-treated with special equipment;
• You must not discharge wastewater containing bacterial contamination or organic compounds that can cause harm to the environment and sanitary conditions.

In addition, the conditions for wastewater discharge depend on the topography and size of the site, the volume of wastewater from the septic tank, the characteristics of the soil and the depth of groundwater. The type of additional treatment facility can be easily determined by knowing the absorption capacity of the soil on your site, how far you can divert waste water from your home, and what optimal drainage system is suitable for your site.

Where does the choice of autonomous sewage system begin?

In order to choose a local treatment facility, the consumer first needs to answer a few simple questions:

• How many people will live in the house permanently;
• What type of residence will be in your home - seasonal or permanent;
• How many plumbing fixtures create drains;
• Land area;
• Features of the soil in which the treatment plant will be installed.

Vladimir Pivovarov:

–
Knowing that the city water consumption rate is 200 liters per day per person, each consumer can select the required volume of a local treatment plant for their home.
The location of the septic tank on the site, soil characteristics and the factor where the treated wastewater will be discharged have an important influence. Depending on this, the installation scheme of the septic tank and the corresponding additional equipment are selected

So, for a classic installation scheme with a low groundwater level, infiltrators, drainage pipes or a well will be required, in accordance with how your filtration fields will be organized.

Vladimir Pivovarov:

– Gardeners need to remember that planting trees closer than 3 meters from the location of the septic tank is not allowed, especially those trees that have a very powerful root system. And if there are already wells or wells with water on the site, then the installation of a septic tank filter platform should be carried out at a distance of more than 15 meters from them.

Sanitary protection of populated areas is of great importance today. In the private sector, a problem related to wastewater disposal very often arises. Domestic wastewater is often very polluted. Such water cannot be discharged into the sewer network without preliminary treatment. Biological treatment involves reducing the concentration of organic substances. It is often combined with mechanical and chemical cleaning and disinfection. Not everyone knows how to make biological treatment stations with their own hands and installation features.

Where to discharge purified water

Drainage well

For areas with good soil permeability and low groundwater levels, the most suitable way to get rid of wastewater is a drainage well. This is a container dug into the ground without a bottom. It is installed on a bed of sand and crushed stone covered with geotextile. The latter prevents premature siltation of the bottom and ensures many years of uninterrupted operation.

Instead of a well, a perforated tube up to 25 m long can be used, laid in the ground below the freezing level. The “pillow” for it is prepared in the same way as for a drainage well: sand and crushed stone. Geotextiles are laid on top, which not only prevents silting of the holes, but also protects from the cold. If there is a large volume of wastewater, there may be several such pipes. Then the distance between them should not be less than 1.5 meters.

Discharge into drainage ditch

This is the easiest way to get rid of purified water. Especially if the station is equipped with a special compartment for installing a drainage pump. If not, you need to build a storage tank next to it and install pumping equipment in it. There is no need to worry that the storm drain will not be able to handle the amount of water being discharged. If it works effectively during heavy rains, receiving up to 5 m3 of liquid per hour, then the load from the sewer station will not become unbearable.

Branch to ground

In the absence of a storm drain, recycled wastewater can be forcibly discharged directly to the ground. To do this, you need to select an area where the water will spread over the largest possible area and set its direction. Thanks to the constant aerobic process inside the station, the outlet temperature of the liquid does not fall below +10 degrees. This allows it to be easily absorbed even in winter. The only exception is clay soils: clay is an excellent water seal.

Outlet to tank

After biological treatment, the water can be used for watering ornamental plants. To do this, install a plastic or concrete container with a pump near the station. This technique will not only recycle wastewater, but also significantly save water for irrigation.

How often to clean a drainage well

The drainage well in any drainage system requires periodic cleaning. There are no exceptions for wells after deep cleaning stations - on average, once every 2-3 years it is necessary to mechanically clean the well of silt.

Frequency of water release by pump from Unilos

Many people wonder how often purified water is discharged in the forced drainage option from the station to the drainage.

Here it is important to understand how the cleaning process itself proceeds in the Unilos Astra treatment plant. Water enters the station, is purified and discharged. Those. As much water came in, so much was removed by the drainage pump from the built-in container. If the container itself has a volume of about 60 liters, then the pump removes about 50 liters in portions. If 200 liters are drained from the house, the pump will work 4 times.

In an hour, the pump will remove clean water in a volume approximately equal to the station’s salvo discharge.

Options for removing purified water from a Unilos septic tank can sometimes be combined and combined.
In general, it’s quite easy to convert from one option to another. Share:

Criterias of choice

When choosing a ready-made septic tank or calculating the performance of a home-made system, you should determine the intensity of sewer use. The total volume of the tanks depends on the number of people and the seasonality of living in the house.

You should also inquire in advance about the characteristics of the soil on the site, since installations with filtration wells will only work on light sandy and sandy loam soils. The presence of a retaining clay layer or a high occurrence of water is already a reason to abandon septic tanks with the removal of wastewater for further treatment. In this case, it is easier to purchase a more efficient VOC, from which water can be pumped into the nearest reservoir or used for technical needs.

When choosing the size of a septic tank or local treatment station, the depth of soil freezing in a particular region is also taken into account - working tanks are installed below this mark. In the southern regions, it is better to take horizontally oriented tanks; vertical ones are used in areas where the soil freezes to 1.5–2 m.

For a private home with permanent residence

In a house with permanent residence, the sewage system is constantly used, so it fills up quickly. To avoid sponsoring sewer trucks once again, choose an installation with a minimum percentage of non-degradable residue. High-performance stations with biotreatment and internal aeration are best suited for this. These are the “twins” Topas and Topol, expensive systems like FAST or the budget Diamond.

Topas septic tank installation

It is allowed to use septic tanks with the discharge of pre-clarified wastewater into the filtration field. But only if the area is large and it is possible to place the drainage away from buildings, wells and plantings. The height of groundwater and soil composition are also taken into account, as discussed above. If the aquifers are closer than 2–2.5 m, you will have to return to the more expensive VOC option.

For the dacha

When a country house is used only for seasonal living, there is no need for a complex treatment system. In addition, without constant replenishment, microorganisms in the reservoirs of active septic tanks will die, and restoring their colony will take two weeks and at least 1–1.5 thousand rubles. If a family lives in a country house for one or two seasons, it makes sense to install a septic tank with post-treatment in soil such as Terra-Practik, Termite or the same Tank.

For rare and irregular visits, the choice is simplified - just connect a storage tank to the sewer and empty it of its contents as it fills. Just think about where to install the barrel so that the sewer truck can drive up to it.

Any developer, when improving a country house, sooner or later is puzzled by the question of how to install a local sewer system. Modern technologies will solve this issue in several ways, including a treatment station, a septic tank made of concrete rings, and so on. But to choose the optimal option, a comprehensive solution is needed.

Discharge of water from biological treatment plants

The station differs from a septic tank in that it has an aeration chamber (aeration tank). In the station, not only sedimentation and fermentation of wastewater occurs, as in a septic tank, but also purification by aerobic microorganisms. If muddy water with a septic tank smell comes out of the sump tank, then odorless process water comes out of the station.

At the station, wastewater is purified up to 98% and complies with environmental standards. Water can be legally drained onto open ground. No additional treatment fields or biofilters are needed.

Draining water from the station by gravity into the well

. Used in filter soil and low groundwater. The system is the same as for a septic tank, but the drainage in the station is cleaned better and the well silts up less often.

Drainage of water from the station by gravity into a ditch

. For areas where the groundwater level is low and there is a fairly deep ditch or elevation difference.

Forced drainage of water from the station into a ditch

. It is used in cases where there is clay and/or high groundwater in the area.

All biorefinery stations can have forced drainage. In forced stations there is a compartment for purified water (discharge chamber), in which a drainage pump with a float is installed. When the discharge chamber is filled, the float rises, the pump is activated and releases clarified water from the station.

For forced stations, it is very important to install an alarm system: if the pump breaks down, the water drainage will stop. This threatens to flood the treatment plant. The alarm system is not supplied with all stations. If there is no alarm system, then the Zagorod company includes it in the kit for free.

BioDeca station with open lid. On the left is a purified water chamber in which a float pump is installed.

Where to drain water from the station if there is no ditch? In areas with clay and standing water, a ditch is indispensable. With low groundwater and filter soil (sand, sandy loam), drainage into the ground is possible, and in this case, draining into a ditch is preferable. It is best to dig a ditch on your site, along the border of the territory. The Zagorod company can perform this work when installing the station. We dig a ditch 40-50 cm deep, up to half a meter wide, with slopes of 30°.

Sometimes customers do not want to make a ditch, as this reduces the usable area of ​​the site. We say that this is the only way to do the challenge correctly. In some cases, you can agree with neighbors and make a common ditch outside the boundaries of the site.

Where does the water from the ditch go?

1. Absorbs the top layer of soil.
2. Partially evaporates, including in winter.

The main problem with drainage installations

As we remember, the problem of draining water from septic tanks is that it cannot be done in clay or with high groundwater. Areas with such conditions are common in the Leningrad region. The choice is an expensive system with a biofilter or a biological treatment station. The only problem when installing stations may be the lack of a ditch on the site, but this issue can be resolved by the installation team.

conclusions

The degree of purification in a septic tank does not meet sanitary requirements, so a septic tank is made only with a drainage well or with a filtration field. At high groundwater levels and in clay, post-treatment does not work, so water drainage in such conditions can only be done through a biofilter. Installing a system with a biofilter increases the cost of installation and we do not recommend this solution.

The most common mistake is choosing and installing a septic tank with a filter well. For clay and high groundwater level, a biological treatment station is more suitable.

After the stations, there is no need for additional wastewater treatment in the soil. If the soil is filterable (sand, sandy loam), then the water is drained by gravity into a deep ditch (if there is one) or into a filter well. If the soil is clayey or the groundwater level is high, then forced drainage is made into a shallow ditch. If there is no ditch on the site, then the Zagorod company can dig one. This is additional work and is taken into account in the estimate.

Operating principles of aeration VOCs

There are a great variety of individual sewerage installations on the Russian market. Some of them, called differently, are actually almost “twins”. And therefore it makes no sense to describe each model separately and compare them. It is much more important for the future user to understand the fundamental design differences between the systems from each other.

Conventionally, all installations can be divided into two types: aeration and complex. In the first, wastewater treatment occurs due to the work of aerobic bacteria, which use the oxygen contained in the air for their vital activity. How does it enter the VOC tank? Aeration (saturation of water with air oxygen) is performed forcibly: for this purpose, compressors (pneumatic aeration) or pumps (ejector aeration) connected to the installation are used.

The wastewater treatment method used in such equipment is biological, which is why this type of VOC is also called biological treatment systems (less commonly, bioseptics). Structurally, the device is a container (usually made of polypropylene) with technological hatches, divided by partitions into several sections: a septic tank, an anaerobic bioreactor, a first stage aeration tank - a biofilter, a settling tank, a second stage aeration tank, a secondary settling tank - a contact tank, a pump compartment. The number of camera compartments may vary for different models.

Their common purpose is to consistently purify household wastewater to the parameters specified in the technical data sheet. This is done as follows. Wastewater is sent to a septic tank, where it is fermented, suspended solids are separated, sand and other insoluble inclusions settle. After this, the partially clarified wastewater enters an anaerobic bioreactor, where it is purified by anaerobic sludge (a community of microorganisms). The process takes place without access to oxygen. Anaerobic bacteria convert difficult-to-oxidize organic compounds into easily oxidized ones. Then comes the turn of cleaning in the first stage aeration tank with the influence of oxygen (using forced aeration). Here the wastewater is mixed with activated sludge, which absorbs and oxidizes pollutants. Afterwards, the wastewater enters the second stage aeration tank, where it is further purified (by oxidation and adsorption) with a biofilm of microorganisms formed on a load of artificial “algae” with continuous fine-bubble aeration. Next, in the secondary settling tank, activated sludge is deposited and returned to the septic tank using an airlift, and wastewater purified to 98% is discharged to a low relief area. This is how VOCs of the first type work – aeration ones.

Septic tank from scrap materials

You can build a septic tank for a cottage from other materials. For this use:

• old car tires;
• concrete rings;
• brickwork, for example, from old bricks;
• concrete structures, etc.

All these methods are inexpensive. Also, the low volume of wastewater at the dacha site contributes to the low cost of all work. People don’t come here very often, only on weekends, so there’s no point in making large capacity containers.

Whatever material is used, the main thing is to follow some principles. Namely:

1. The septic tank must consist of at least two chambers, the first of which must be sealed.
2. It is necessary to periodically pump out accumulated sewage from the first container.
3. It is advisable to use post-treatment fields.

The best wastewater treatment occurs when using biological products with living microorganisms.

Cleaning methods

Let's take a closer look at how to clean septic tanks and sewage wastewater using various methods. With mechanical, the entire process is carried out by a special machine and improvised devices.

1. The station is disconnected from the sewerage system and the supply pipe is closed. Please note that sewerage cannot be used during operation;
2. The machine is connected to the outlet pipe, through which the liquid is purified or discharged into the house or other place. You can also use a regular drainage pump, but you need to take into account that it will pump out wastewater into a certain container, which should be prepared in advance;
3. When all the liquid has been eliminated, solid sediment remains on the walls and bottom. Self-cleaning can be done here. Using brushes or other convenient devices, you need to clean the walls and bottom, while simultaneously removing debris. Pay special attention to compressors and filters - the efficiency of the septic tank depends on them;
4. Experts also recommend that after completing the work, fill the septic tank with cool, clean water to eliminate fine fractions. Water is also pumped out by machine or pump.

This method is very convenient for various mechanical storage structures, wells made of concrete rings, etc. Plastic can be damaged during mechanical processing with brushes.

Photo - example of siltation

The biological and chemical methods of deep cleaning are very similar to each other, only the means used are different. Remember, the chemical option cannot be used when plastic biological septic tanks or metal ones are clogged, where the metals are not protected from the influence of chemical reagents. Owners of cleaning stations with electrical devices need to be careful.

Step-by-step instructions on how to carry out biological and chemical cleaning:

1. In this option, water is not pumped out. A special preparation is purchased, which is based on either strong chemical alkalis or bacteria. It can be liquid, granular or powdered;
2. Depending on the type of septic tank, its volume and some other parameters, the desired concentration is selected. It is undesirable to use more than the amount recommended in the instructions, as the reaction can be very strong;
3. The product is poured into the storage tank of the septic tank. If you have a well with separated tanks, then first of all you need to treat the pre-cleaning section, it is the most contaminated one. The reaction, depending on the principle of operation of the drug and the volume of the tank well, can last from several hours to three days;
4. The process itself is practically silent; it can be accompanied by various hissing sounds. This makes such cleaning methods very convenient for use in the courtyard of a private residential building.

After the cleaning is completed, you need to pass a stream of clean water through the septic tank, check the bacteriological filters (if any) and add an additional batch of bacteria.

Photo - bioseptic tank design

At home

The first step is to use the so-called self-cleaning attempt. It is ideal if you have a drain clog due to greasy substances being drained into your pipes. They can settle on the walls, thereby blocking normal drainage.

What is the best way to clean sewer pipes?

In this case, boil a bucket of water and simply pour it through the hole in the sink. For most reasons this will be sufficient.

If this method does not work for you, try using the safest and easiest to use cleaning product - a plunger.

The technology is very simple:

1. Completely cover the hole for draining the water with the bowl of the plunger so that no air gets into it, and if it does, then as little as possible.
2. Fill the bathtub or sink with water so that it completely covers the bowl.
3. Check to see if water is leaking under the plunger. If not, you can start cleaning.
4. To do this, make 10-20 sharp vertical movements (pushes) using the handle at a slight angle, then quickly remove the plunger from the water.

If the water quietly seeped inside, it means the cleaning was successful.

If the blockage still does not go away, you should try again a few more times. If they were unsuccessful, alas, self-cleaning will not help and you will have to resort to more radical solutions for cleaning sewer pipes using chemicals.

How to clean a sewer pipe in a private house?

Cleaning a sewer in a private house is no different from regular cleaning in an apartment; the only distinguishing condition will be the ability to clean pipes outside the house if you have a sewer plan. By analyzing several possibly clogged areas, there is a chance to more accurately determine the area where the waste stagnation occurred.

Next, all the same cleaning methods and options are used as in the apartment.

How to calculate the area of ​​the filtration field

How to calculate the area of ​​the filtration field? You can do it yourself, based on practice. Take a bucket of water and pour it onto 1 square meter of soil. See how long it takes for the water to be absorbed.

After this, calculate the volume of drainage from your septic tank during this time. You get the number of square meters of your filtering field.

How to calculate the area of ​​the filtration field? It’s very simple to look at how well the soil absorbs moisture.

Or you invite a specialist who will calculate everything for you. Where can I find a specialist? In a specialized organization that sells and installs septic tanks.

Operating principle of biological treatment stations

Stations where sewage biotreatment is carried out are called SBR reactors. In them, intermittent aeration of activated sludge colonies occurs. As a result of these actions, ammonium is converted to nitrogen, while phosphate-accumulating bacteria help remove phosphorus from the effluent.

Inside the housing, made of foamed polypropylene, the stations are located:

• automatic control unit;
• compressor;
• 4 chambers, namely a receiving chamber, an aeration tank, a chamber for stabilizing activated sludge and a secondary settling tank.

Steps for wastewater treatment at aeration stations:

• The wastewater is separated into fractions in the receiving chamber.
• The wastewater is then saturated with oxygen. The wastewater is pumped due to the operation of airlift pumps, in other words, air bubbles act on the water, without damaging the biomass.
• When biomass enters the aeration tank, it turns into suspended activated sludge, on the flakes of which the main purification is carried out.
• After this, the waste sludge enters a chamber where the activated sludge is stabilized.
• In the secondary settling tank, treated wastewater is removed from particles that are in suspension.
• When the wastewater treatment process is completed, the wastewater is discharged into a reservoir or simply onto the terrain of the site.
• After going through all the processes, the sludge becomes safe and can be used as biofuel or a good fertilizer for plants in the country.

Installation process of biological treatment stations

The advantages of installing equipment include the absence of the need to use special equipment. So, you should follow a certain sequence:

• first a foundation pit is made;
• if there is a high level of groundwater, then it will be necessary to form a loading slab. In the case of non-watered soils, the station will have to be installed on a compacted platform;
• the station is immersed in a pit;
• the pit is covered with sand in layers and compacted;
• inlet and outlet sewer pipes are installed;
• supply the electrical cable;
• The site is being leveled, with only the hatch visible on the surface.

Installation features

During the installation of a biological station, it is necessary to take into account the following features:

• the bioreactor should be installed at a short distance from the house, while the station is completely or partially immersed underground;
• Concrete rings are not used for installation, therefore the costs of construction work are significantly reduced;
• the station is usually installed on a concrete slab;
• the edge of the bioreactor is sprinkled with sand and then earth;
• if the equipment is of low power, then the timer and compressor will be located near the reactor in the process well. If necessary, the control unit can be installed on the outside of the bioreactor;
• using special casings they protect air ducts and cables;
• if it is not possible to organize water flow into the equipment by gravity, then it is necessary to install a pumping station.

Only specialists should pump out excess sludge, check air lifts, compressor and aerator membranes, as well as replace faulty parts and clean the walls of the bioreactor. Such processes must be carried out at least 1-2 times a year.

Biological sewerage for a country house is a modern, environmentally friendly option for wastewater treatment.

Country houses located in dacha associations, rural areas and even in a number of cottage villages do not always have the ability to connect to a centralized sewer network. The optimal solution to the problem is the use of a local treatment plant - VOC

Options for draining water from a septic tank

Before choosing the method you will use to purify and drain water from the septic tank, you need to accurately measure at what depth the groundwater occurs on the site, and also determine what type of soil will be under the septic tank.
Options:

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1. At the surface level of groundwater, dispersion or filtration fields are used, from which water is discharged using trenches with a filter layer of sand, gravel, and crushed stone. In this way, a sufficient degree of purification is achieved to drain water into the ground.
2. When groundwater is close to the ground, drainage or filter wells are used; they have a leaky bottom, onto which a filter layer of sand, gravel, and crushed stone is poured. After purification, the water goes into the ground.
3. A filter cassette for a septic tank, which is used to organize the drainage of wastewater on clay and loamy soils with poor permeability.
4. After the septic tank, the water is discharged into a storm drain or drainage ditch.
5. A forced selection pump discharges water into a pond, rainwater or drainage ditch.
6. Water is discharged into a storage tank, from which crops are then irrigated.

Filter fields

An option for post-treatment and discharge of liquid from a septic tank is filtration fields. This is a good option for treating waste water from a septic tank if the groundwater level is less than 1.5 meters. Water seeping through the drainage layer will go into the soil. Such fields are arranged as follows:

1. Such a field should be located as far as possible from the house, sources of drinking water, fruit trees and shrubs.
2. The drainage layer system in the filtration fields functions normally for quite a long time, about 7 years; in the future, the drainage layer will have to be replaced so as not to pollute groundwater.
3. The distance between parallel pipes of the drainage system is at least 2 meters, and the length of one pipe is about 20 meters.
4. The depth of the drainage layers must be below the soil freezing level, otherwise in winter the water soaking the layers may freeze.
5. A filter layer is poured onto the bottom of the trench in the following sequence: a layer of sand 10 cm thick, then a layer of gravel or crushed stone 60 cm thick.
6. Special drainage pipes with holes are laid on a layer of crushed stone or sand, through which water is drained from the septic tank.
7. The pipes are covered with a layer of crushed stone and insulated with a special material - a film, which will protect the system from freezing in winter.
8. Soil is poured on top of the filtration ditch.
9. If there is a large amount of wastewater, the filtration fields can be equipped with an additional reservoir where wastewater from the drainage system will be collected. Such a homemade pond can be lined with willows or birches; they have an increased need for a daily dose of water, so they will help drain the tank faster.

Storm drain

This type of drainage of water from a septic tank is a system of ditches, which is arranged using drainage trays or pipes of sufficient diameter.
Water through such a system is discharged by gravity. It is installed if it is not possible to install a drainage well near the septic tank. What is important here, first of all, is the slope of the drainage system, as it ensures the drainage of water. If the system slope is insufficient, use a drainage pump. Options for arranging a concrete septic tank

At the end point of the storm sewer, a drainage well-water collector is installed where water will be collected. Here the water will undergo additional purification and go into the soil.

The system is quite simple to implement and operate, does not require cleaning or replacing the drainage layer and is most often used on clay soils.

Drainage well

A drainage or filter well is not only a water collector, but also an additional water filtration system. The water drained from the septic tank is finally purified in the well and goes into the ground.

1. For a drainage well, soil with good permeability characteristics is considered ideal; it allows water not to stagnate. Clay and loam, which hardly allow moisture to pass through, are an unsuitable basis for a drainage well.
2. When installing a well, its bottom must be at least half a meter above the groundwater level. The depth of soil freezing is also taken into account; this is important for the normal functioning of the system in winter.
3. The further the filter well is located from the septic tank, the better. The optimal distance starts from 20 meters; the length of the drain pipe should be slightly longer.
4. The walls can be made of red brick, stone, concrete rings, even old car tires. The main rule is that the walls must have drainage holes up to 10 cm in size. It is better to arrange them in a checkerboard pattern.
5. The sizes of standard drainage wells range from 2 meters in diameter and 3 meters in depth. The shape can be any - square or round.
6. The drainage well is equipped with a ventilation pipe; it should protrude about a meter above the surface of the ground into which the well is dug. Such a pipe ensures the removal of accumulated gases and vapors.
7. The filter bottom is covered with crushed stone, gravel, slag or small pebbles. The layer height is from 30 cm to a meter.
8. The top of the filter well is covered with a lid.

Such a well can maintain its filtering capacity for a long time, up to 10 years. Then you will need to come up with a way to clean and restore the well.

Storage tank

The storage type of well is used if there is a need for irrigation, and also if there is nowhere to dispose of wastewater, since there is no possibility of using other types of treatment.

Storage wells are sealed containers made of plastic, metal or concrete rings, into which water drained from the septic tank is drained through a pipe. Plastic containers are the most popular because they are sealed, resistant to corrosion and the influence of aggressive chemical compounds, do not require additional processing, have a long service life, and are also relatively light in weight. Therefore, they are easy to install in a permanent place.

Iron containers, as a rule, require additional internal coating with paint or any other layer that protects against corrosion. They have a serious weight, and during installation you often have to use additional equipment, such as a crane. Before installation, it is recommended to treat the seams with a special sealant.

Concrete rings are almost never used for such wells - the seams must be treated too tightly, and the bottom must be carefully concreted so that moisture does not pass through, but rather accumulates. At the same time, concrete quickly collapses under the influence of water, so such a tank is not the most durable.

Installation of this type of well involves the following steps:

Water drainage system from the roof of a private house

1. The storage well is installed below the level of the septic tank, that is, so that water flows into it by gravity.
2. The optimal distance from the septic tank to the storage tank starts from 6 meters. The pipe through which liquid will be drained from the septic tank must be straight, since the bends in the pipeline can become clogged.
3. Before installing the tank, preparatory work is carried out - they dig a hole with walls half a meter larger than the tank.
4. A layer of sand is used as the base for the tank. If groundwater comes close to the surface, then it is worth making a stronger foundation, for example, a concrete foundation, in order to eliminate further subsidence of the structure.
5. The tank is installed level so that there are no distortions in the structure, the drain is connected and covered with sand on all sides, leaving a hole on the surface for cleaning the tank. A thick layer of sand provides good protection from freezing in winter.
6. The tank must be equipped with an alarm system in case of overfilling.
7. Water can be drawn from such a tank using a surface drainage pump.

Filter cassette

The filter cassette is a filter for wastewater from a septic tank on an area of ​​up to 20 sq.m. The groundwater level must be at least a meter from the surface of the filter bottom.

1. To install the cassette, level the area and then dig a rectangular hole half a meter deep.
2. The pit is filled with sand, blocks 30 cm high are laid around the perimeter. The resulting pit is covered with a layer of crushed stone.
3. Concrete or other supports are installed on top of the blocks, which are covered with waterproofing and a layer of soil.
4. The pipeline from the septic tank leads under the supporting structure and is connected to a plastic filter cassette located on a layer of gravel.
5. After filtration, the water is absorbed into the soil.

Varieties

The Dochista product range includes three modifications of units:

1. The Dochista N5 installation is a product capable of serving a house with 3-5 living people, provided that there is space on your site for organizing an additional drainage system. This station is suitable for year-round use. The treatment facility is capable of servicing one toilet, one sink, shower, bathtub and two household appliances (washing machine and dishwasher). The design uses gravity discharge of wastewater. The productivity of the unit is 1000 l/day. The maximum salvo discharge is 260 l. The supply pipe can be deepened by 51 cm. Product dimensions 1.6 x 1.15 x 1.9 m (height). Weight 105 kg. Cost – 180 USD
2. The H7 product can process wastewater from a house that is permanently inhabited by 5-7 people. The volume of this septic tank is 2500 liters. It has a capacity of 1400 l/day. The price of such equipment with a minimum set of functions is 250 USD, and products with improved characteristics are sold for 550 USD.
3. The H9 modification septic tank is able to purify wastewater from a house in which a family of 8-10 people lives.

In addition to models marked H, which indicates that wastewater is removed by gravity, there are the same modifications marked P. These are models with forced ejection. In terms of characteristics, they do not differ from the H series models, but their operating principle is different. Treated wastewater is pumped out automatically using a drainage pump. The most inexpensive installation of the P series costs 490 USD. The main disadvantage of these designs is that they are energy-dependent installations.

In addition to various modifications, any Dochista septic tank can be equipped with a secondary treatment module, which consists of a drainage tunnel for quick installation of a filtration field.

Installation of the filtration field is quite easy. To do this, you need to dig a pit, make a layer of gravel 50 cm high at its bottom, lay a drainage module and fill the field with soil.

We do the installation of a septic tank with our own hands on a turnkey basis for ourselves

Wastewater treatment is a problem known to summer residents. The best alternative to cesspools are septic tanks. Local sewage treatment in a dacha can be made with your own hands. At the market you will find a selection of ready-made products.

A good solution for a summer residence: a do-it-yourself septic tank

This country sewage system is divided into the following types:

1. Multi-chamber septic tank. Sewage remains in it for at least 10 days. Wastewater enters chambers connected in series, where it is decomposed by bacteria. At the outlet, purified water is used for household needs. It is safe to release such wastewater into open water bodies. Multi-chamber septic tanks are expensive, but if you build a joint sewer system, it serves at least 200 houses;
2. Single chamber septic tank. This design is called a small septic tank. This option is suitable for dachas where water consumption per day is 1 m3. Sewage treatment is not required if the owner comes only on Saturday or Sunday;
3. Two-chamber/three-chamber small septic tank. This device works as follows. The wastewater flows into a large container. Here they stand. Large solids are processed by bacteria. The resulting sludge is pumped out twice a year. When pumping out, 1/6 of the sludge should be left at the bottom of the container. A small container is separated by a partition. Small solids settle in it. It also needs to be desilted twice a year. In the third chamber, the water settles, from where it goes into the ground. The last stage of cleaning is carried out using a drainage system. When it is not there, a single-chamber or double-chamber septic tank has to be cleaned. The owners of the site have to call vacuum cleaners. For a summer resident, cleaning a septic tank means additional expenses. This is a necessary condition for getting rid of unpleasant odors near a residential building.

Guide to draining water from a septic tank

When installing a septic tank, even at the planning and design stage, it is necessary to think through a fairly large number of points that will not only ensure the proper operation of the treatment plant, but also its safety, both for the residents of the house and for the environment. Read how you can protect your septic tank from frost on this page.

The photo shows a diagram of the removal of purified water from the septic tank

Draining water from a septic tank

According to its purpose, a septic tank must purify domestic and sewage wastewater, process putrefactive inclusions and remove purified water. The simplest one is a filter well.

To organize proper water drainage, you can use several options:

• Reinforced concrete rings. It is better to use rings with provided holes. However, they can be quite expensive, and they are produced by a small number of manufacturers;
• Red brick. In order to increase the filtering capacity, experts recommend laying bricks with gaps (3 cm) and in a checkerboard pattern;
• Drainage (filtration) trenches. The most rational solution would be to install trenches in the form of bundles with parallel pipes. The distance between them should not be less than one and a half meters and more than two. Read more about how to choose chemicals for septic tanks and what is the meaning of such measures.

Considering the extent of such a system, it is worth noting:

• With light clay soil that absorbs water well - ten meters;
• With dense and heavy soil - twenty meters.

How to make a drain for a septic tank?

The photo shows various diagrams of field equipment for filtration

To answer the question: “How to make drainage (drainage) for a septic tank?”, experts recommend first familiarizing yourself with the SNiP standards. Guided by these standards, drainage must be built remotely from the most important objects as follows:

1. From the septic tank - 8 meters;
2. From the building – 4 meters;
3. From the water intake - 20 meters;
4. From natural reservoirs:
   From the lake - 30 meters;
5. From the stream - 10 meters.
6. From tree roots – 3 meters;
7. From the road – 5 meters;
8. From the boundaries of the site - 5 meters.

The work package includes the following stages:

1. Dig a pit. Moreover, the bottom must be made with a slope of 4-6 degrees from the septic tank itself;
2. Fill the filter in layers:
   Bottom layer - sand - 10 cm;
3. The top layer - backfill can be selected from: Gravel;
4. Crushed stone;
5. Slag;
6. Granite sowing.

When backfilling, it is imperative to compact each layer.

7. Pipe laying. In this case, it is better to use:
   flexible drainage pipes (geotextiles);
8. rigid pipes (100 mm in diameter).
9. Connecting ventilation (pipes).
   Without ventilation pipes, the system simply will not work due to the fact that the air in the drains helps to slow down the gravity flow. In other words, an air lock may form.
10. Fill the pipes with gravel, which will increase absorption capacity;
11. Fill the pit. It is important to return the fertile layer in order to be able to further use the site:
    Openings, if necessary, repair work;
12. Cleaning clogged pipeline sections.

Septic tank for gray waste for a summer residence

When installing local treatment stations or septic tanks, you need to think about the separation of wastewater. There are three types of pollution sources:

1. Toilet;
2. Shower and bath;
3. Drains from the kitchen. This will also include all other sinks in the house.

To achieve a better cleaning effect, it is better to combine the wastewater. You can do this in two ways:

• The toilet is separate, but the shower and kitchen are together;
• Combine the shower and toilet, and leave the kitchen separate.

It is also important to consider what needs to be done with gray waste. It is better to build the simplest single-chamber septic tanks for them. Such a decision will be the most reasonable and rational in terms of spending funds.

The process of installing a septic tank for a summer residence in the photo

Once the gray and black drains have been cleaned, they can be combined. To do this, it is better to use a separate container so that the remaining chemicals cannot destroy the bacteria contained in the gray drains. What are the characteristics of the Mole septic tank, read on this page.

Water drainage from Topas septic tank

To organize the discharge of water onto the terrain of the site, you will need to install the following equipment:

1. Drainage pump;
2. A container designed specifically for it.

To drain water from Topas septic tanks, you must:

• Install the pipeline so that there is a reverse slope, which will be needed to ensure proper flow of water after the pump is turned off;
• The water discharge point should be located slightly above the soil surface to avoid ice freezing on the pipes;
• There is no need to worry that the drainage system may freeze in winter. The temperature inside the station reaches an average of 10 degrees Celsius and above. Thus, it can simply spread evenly over the surface of the soil even before it freezes;
• The drainage well should stand on a bed of crushed stone and have no bottom.

The diagram shows the mechanism for discharging wastewater from a Topas septic tank into a drainage well

It is this fact that will ensure maximum contact between water and soil and allow water to enter the soil much faster. Water flows into the well on its own - by gravity. Maintenance instructions for the Topas septic tank are here: https://howseptik.com/septik/vidy-septikov/firmennye-septiki/topas/rukovodstvo-po-obsluzhivaniyu-septikov-topas.html.

The method of water drainage described above is best suited for soil with a high soil filtration coefficient:

1. Sand;
2. Skalnik;
3. Sandy loam.

In heavy clay soil, sometimes the well overflows and you will need to additionally use a drainage pump to empty it. In winter, this problem may disappear by itself, because in cold weather the groundwater level decreases, and the filtration coefficient, on the contrary, becomes higher.

If you decide to reuse water for domestic needs, then you should not make a drainage well. It is better to properly arrange the bottom and seal it. In this case, you will receive a storage tank that you can use to water your garden, lawn or garden.

Book “Septic tanks, drains, storm water, drainage”

Book written by T.F. Plotnikova, talks in sufficient detail about the various options for organizing septic tanks on a summer cottage with your own hands, and also contains information about the installation of storm sewers, wastewater treatment, drainage systems and a summer shower. Moreover, all systems are amazingly camouflaged by plants and fit perfectly into the overall landscape of the site.

The required set of tools is described in detail here. Basically, you may only need:

• Small hatchet;
• Shovel.

And the materials will most likely be in your household. block, where they may have been lying unnecessarily for more than one year.

This book will help you carry out a full range of work on your summer cottage on your own, saving your family budget.

Video

The durability of the VOCs themselves depends on how correctly the septic tank is installed. To properly drain the pit, read the instructions in the video:

When installing an autonomous sewer system at a dacha, the issue of organizing proper drainage must be carefully considered even at the project preparation stage. This fact is one of the main ones, as it ensures the safe discharge of water into the ground without causing harm to the environment, and also allows (with proper cleaning) the water to be reused. Proper location and drainage system will ensure proper operation of the septic tank, regardless of the time of year. Read why you need to use water-soluble paper and special powders when the VOC is established.

From cesspool to VOC

Modern technologies in the field of engineering equipment are advancing by leaps and bounds, and today many types of installations for the treatment of household wastewater have been developed. Let us remember how the history of private sewerage developed.

First - a cesspool, then its modernized version - a septic tank, and finally installations in which a full cycle of wastewater treatment is carried out. The latter are called differently: deep biological treatment stations (systems), wastewater treatment plants (WTP), local treatment plants (WTP), etc.

In order not to get confused in these names, which essentially mean the same thing, we will use the abbreviation VOC.

But we’ll talk about VOCs a little later, and now let’s discuss the question: are septic tanks already a thing of the past or not yet?

Since a consumer who is inexperienced in the problems of private sewerage sometimes misinterprets the meaning of this term, it is not amiss to recall that an industrial septic tank is a large container (most often made of plastic) located in the ground and connected by a supply pipe to the sewer outlet from the house.

The simplest septic tank is essentially a large barrel; more complex models are divided into two or three sections or consist of two or three separate containers. The septic tank not only accumulates wastewater, it is where it first decomposes into heavy waste, which gradually settles down, and light, which floats to the surface. Thanks to this treatment method, which is called mechanical, the wastewater is purified by 60%, which is a very low degree of purification, and therefore it is prohibited to discharge it onto the terrain.

Technologies ten years ago assumed the construction of filtration fields adjacent to the house - drainage systems through which the soil was purified of wastewater from the septic tank. Today this is an outdated method. However, the septic tank itself cannot be discounted. Sometimes it helps solve certain problems. For example, if we are not talking about a country house for year-round use, but about a dacha where the family visits seasonally or periodically. Since the septic tank is suitable for processing a relatively small volume (1-3 m 3 /dg.) of household wastewater and fecal matter, you will have to call a sewer truck from time to time. To reduce the rate of filling the container, wastewater can be divided into “gray” (water after washing dishes, bathing, washing) and “black” (flow from the toilet) and only “black” ones can be sent to the septic tank.

In any case, for a periodic home, a septic tank will be the most economical solution. Sometimes it has to be installed for other reasons. For example, in water protection zones, where the use of even VOCs is prohibited, wastewater is purified by 94-98%. Actually, this is all the information a private developer needs to know about a septic tank in order to make a choice in favor of a septic tank or VOC.

Wastewater disposal options

a) Discharge of purified water by gravity into the existing drainage network b) Discharge of wastewater into an intermediate well in which a drainage pump is installed c) Pressure discharge of wastewater into a road ditch d) Gravity discharge of wastewater into a filter (drainage) well

How much waste water does a septic tank drain?

The volume of a septic tank always depends on the amount of water consumed by each family member, as well as the amount of plumbing equipment. As a rule, a single-chamber septic tank will have a water output of no more than 1 cubic meter. per day. The two-chamber one has up to 10 cubic meters, and the three-chamber one has more than 10 cubic meters.

If the soil on your territory is heavy, clayey or loamy, it is better to purchase an additional pump for the septic tank to remove wastewater. It is capable of discharging treated wastewater from the septic tank 20 meters to the side. Using a pump, you can discharge wastewater along a horizontal section into a ditch or over a fence. The discharge of water from a septic tank with a pump compartment will be about 80 liters. Such a system is called forced pumping of wastewater to the ground and is capable of operating without interruption.

What the consumer needs to know

Aeration VOCs do not allow volley discharge of wastewater (more than 100 l/h). For example, if there are often guests in the house, the flow of waste water (bathing, showering, etc.) increases sharply, due to which the colony of bacteria used for cleaning is partially (or completely) washed away. And therefore, for some time after the salvo discharge, the installation will not be able to purify wastewater to the indicators specified in the passport. A long-term power outage also negatively affects the operation of systems of the first type, namely, it leads to partial or complete death of the bacterial colony. True, some notify the buyer about this. Others argue that this is not a significant drawback of the devices, because you just need to place store-bought bacteria for septic tanks in a container, and the installation will begin to function as before. This is indeed true, but in this case the degree of wastewater purification declared by the manufacturer will not occur earlier than in two to three weeks.

But for complex VOCs, neither a salvo discharge nor a power outage threatens with negative consequences. The reason for this is the design differences between installations of the first and second types. The fact is that in aeration VOCs, aerobic and anaerobic processes occur in one volume, where due to aeration there is constant mixing of activated sludge. In complex VOCs, sedimentation of sludge occurs in a separate chamber, where it is in a state of relative rest, and since bacteria in such systems live not only in the water, but also in the bioreactor, they are not in danger of being washed out by abnormal wastewater, nor are they in danger of dying due to shutdown electricity. Even with a long interruption in power supply, bacteria on the biofilter are alive for three months. Reaching the operating mode declared by the manufacturer occurs 4-10 days after the installation is launched.

Household waste (toilet paper, hygiene items) should not enter the aeration installations, as this can lead to clogging of the pumps that ensure the operation of the station. In addition, it is not advisable to discharge chemical household detergents into it, which worsen the conditions necessary for the life of bacteria. But complex installations are more “loyal” to these factors, mainly due to their design features. Household waste that gets into them (toilet paper, napkins, food debris, pet hair, polymer films) remains in the settling chamber and cannot penetrate into the section where the pumps are located. A small amount of chlorine-containing preparations (washing powder, bleaches), which entered the second type VOC along with water, will also not lead to loss of system functionality.

Both types of devices are energy-dependent - the compressor (pump) must operate in continuous mode. However, complex VOCs have slightly lower electricity consumption due to the fact that they do not use a compressor, but a pump operating on a timer (15 min./on - 15 min./off).

The Russian market offers systems of varying complexity from both domestic and foreign manufacturers. In some of them, the cleaning process is controlled by a programmable controller, which changes the operating mode of the installation based on the amount of incoming wastewater. If there are few of them, the controller switches the system to an economical mode, and in case of salvo resets, to a forced one. Although automation simplifies the operation of the system, it significantly increases the price of VOC and its further maintenance.

What should not be poured into a septic tank?

In order for an autonomous sewer system to serve for a long time and efficiently, it is necessary to take into account that you cannot drain it into a septic tank:

• Aggressive chemistry.
• Small and large construction waste.
• Rotten vegetables and fruits.
• Products made of plastic and polyethylene.
• Pet hair.
• Fabric products.
• Diapers.

Septic tank "Topas": what can be drained and what is prohibited - the list is extensive. Knowing this will significantly extend the life of your private sewer system and help avoid blockages and stagnation.

Knowing how to properly clean a septic tank, what can be poured into it and what cannot, and following all the rules, you guarantee the uninterrupted operation of the local sewage system. The main thing is to do everything carefully and according to the instructions. If problems are discovered or you need septic tank maintenance services, contact us today!

Septic tank made of concrete rings

This type of local treatment plant, working on the anaerobic principle, despite its simplicity and cheapness, requires a thoughtful approach. Here are the features this type of septic tank may have.

Chief engineer
Dmitry Zadrutsky:
- Although this type of treatment plant on the site is often built independently, a number of features of this type of septic tank should be taken into account:

In this type of septic tank, purification occurs by pouring wastewater from chamber to chamber

And that’s why they install 3-chamber septic tanks made of concrete rings. It is necessary to pay attention to the diameter of the rings. The volume of the septic tank depends on this

The greater the number of people living, the greater the volume of the septic tank and the number of chambers needed. If there is a high groundwater level in the area, then in order to avoid the seepage of contaminated water into the soil, better sealing of the septic tank is required. For better wastewater purification, you can use special bacteria, and for additional wastewater treatment, it is recommended to install a filtration field.

The disadvantages of this type of septic tank include:

• Complexity of installation and large volume of excavation work;
• Unlike plastic septic tanks, complete tightness of the joints of the rings is not ensured;
• The need to use special equipment and a crane to install a septic tank.

Draining from a septic tank with high groundwater level

When the water level is high, drainage from a septic tank should be done either into a filter cassette or forcibly pumped to a drainage filter.

A filter cassette is the same drainage ditch, only raised above ground level. In this case, instead of a third well, an embankment is made, inside which a crushed stone filter is installed. Water from the second container enters the cassette through forced pumping.

Or they make a large-capacity drainage filter with an outlet after it into the gutter. The filter is installed below the groundwater level, and the water stands in it, gradually overflowing into the drain. Water from the second container enters the filter, pumped by a pump.

To allow drainage from the septic tank into a filter cassette or drainage filter in winter, each of these structures is insulated (penoplex is best suited for this).

Preparatory activities before choosing a structure

The installation of sewerage on the site will require the creation of a project. To draw a plan, you need to decide which country sewer system will suit you with your own hands. This project requires you to show the following:

• wastewater sources;
• method of laying pipes and connecting sewer pipelines inside the house - under the cladding, inside the walls, outside;
• the place where the sewage system is discharged from a residential structure;
• type and location of the wastewater collector - cesspool, septic tank, treatment station.

The finished diagram will help clarify many issues. The scope of work will be outlined. The owner will decide on the choice of building materials. He will decide who will implement the planned project. The summer resident can handle it himself or turn to professionals for help.

In the project, it is important to take into account the location of water pipes and other utilities.